| 詞或詞組 | 中文 | 英文解釋中文解釋 |
|---|---|---|
| Ackerman linkage | 阿克曼裝置 |
A steering linkage on a motor vehicle that approximately gives rolling without slipping of both wheels about the turning point. This is achieved by having the inner stub axle (on the inside of the turning curve) move through a greater angle than the outer stub axle. 機動車輛上的一種轉向聯(lián)動裝置，在轉向點附近兩個車輪幾乎不會打滑。這是通過使內(nèi)短軸（在轉彎曲線的內(nèi)側）比外短軸移動更大的角度來實現(xiàn)的。 |
| Failure of the bolt | 螺栓失效 |
Term implying that the bolt has broken or the threads have stripped. There can be many reasons for this. 表示螺栓斷裂或螺紋脫落的術語。原因可能有很多種。 |
| Two-phase flow | 兩相流 |
A flow in which two phases are present, for example gas bubbles in a liquid, liquid bubbles in another liquid with which it is immiscible, solid particles in a liquid or gas. 兩相流動，例如液體中的氣泡、與之不混溶的另一種液體中的液體氣泡、液體或氣體中的固體顆粒。 |
| Temper | 回火 |
(1) In heat treatment, reheating hardened steel or hardened cast iron to some temperature below the eutectoid temperature for the purpose of decreasing hardness and increasing toughness. The process also is sometimes applied to normalized steel. (2) In tool steels, temper is sometimes used, but inadvisedly, to denote the carbon content. (3) In nonferrous alloys and in some ferrous alloys (steels that cannot be hardened by heat treatment), the hardness and strength produced by mechanical or thermal treatment, or both, and characterized by a certain structure, mechanical properties, or reduction in area during cold working. （1）在熱處理中，將硬化鋼或硬化鑄鐵重新加熱到共析溫度以下的溫度，以降低硬度和增加韌性。該工藝有時也適用于正火鋼。（2）在工具鋼中，有時使用回火來表示碳含量，但這是不恰當?shù)?。?）在非鐵合金和一些鐵合金（不能通過熱處理硬化的鋼）中，通過機械或熱處理或兩者產(chǎn)生的硬度和強度，其特征是在冷加工過程中具有一定的結構、機械性能或面積減小。 |
| Electrode | 電極 |
The two metallic bodies in a battery or Corrosion cell which give up electrons (the Anode) or which attract them (the Cathode). 電池或腐蝕電池中釋放電子（陽極）或吸引電子（陰極）的兩個金屬體。 |
| Residual preload | 殘余預載荷 |
The tension which remains in an unloaded bolted joint after Relaxation. 松弛后未加載螺栓連接中保持的張力。 |
| Wrist | 腕關節(jié) |
The final three joints on a robot which simulate rotations provided by the human wrist and thus allow orientation of the end effector to which it is attached by the wrist socket. 機器人上的最后三個關節(jié)，模擬人類手腕提供的旋轉，從而允許其通過手腕插座連接到的末端執(zhí)行器的方向。 |
| Finished hexagon bolts | 精制六角螺栓 |
A washer faced or chamfered bearing surface with a close body tolerance. 頭下有墊圈面或倒角，尺寸公差小 |
| Progressive aging | 漸進時效 |
Aging by increasing the temperature in steps or continuously during the aging cycle. 通過在時效周期中逐步或連續(xù)升高溫度進行增加時效。 |
| Physical testing | 物理測試 |
Methods used to determine the entire range of physical properties of a material. In addition to density and thermal, electrical, and magnetic properties, physical testing methods can be used to assess simple fundamental physical properties such as color, crystalline form, and melting point. 用于確定材料整個物理特性范圍的方法。除了密度和熱、電、磁特性外，物理測試方法還可用于評估簡單的基本物理特性，如顏色、結晶形式和熔點。 |
| Free machining | 易切削 |
The property that makes machining easy because of the forming of small chips, a characteristic imparted to steel by sulfur, etc. 由于形成小切屑而使加工變得容易的特性，比如硫賦予鋼的特性，等等。 |
| Weld penetration | 焊接熔深 |
It is the depth below the surfaces, as revealed in microstructural sections of joined metals, which is melted during welding. 它是焊接過程中熔化的連接金屬的微觀結構截面所顯示的表面以下的深度。 |
| Pressure-relief valve | 減壓閥 |
A valve that limits the maximum pressure in a pressure vessel or fluid-power system to a specified level. 將壓力容器或流體動力系統(tǒng)中的最大壓力限制在規(guī)定水平的閥門。 |
| Core | 核心 |
In a ferrous alloy prepared for case hardening, that portion of the alloy that is not part of the case . Typically considered to be the portion that (a) appears light on an etched cross section, (b) has an essentially unaltered chemical composition, or (c) has a hardness, after hardening, less than a specified value. 在為表面硬化而制備的鐵合金中，合金中不屬于表面的那部分。通常被認為是（a）在蝕刻橫截面上看起來很輕，（b）化學成分基本不變，或（c）硬化后硬度低于規(guī)定值的那部分。 |
| Spinner | 旋轉器 |
A co-axial streamlined fairing enclosing the hub of a propeller and rotating with it. 一種同軸流線型整流罩，包圍螺旋槳轂并隨其旋轉。 |
| Actual value | 實際價值 |
The output of a plant that is being controlled, i.e. the controlled variable. Not directly accessible by the control system, as it can only be measured by a sensor which may distort the measurement. 受控設備的輸出，即受控變量。控制系統(tǒng)不能直接訪問，因為它只能由可能會扭曲測量結果的傳感器測量。 |
| Cap nut | 蓋型螺母 |
A nut with a blind threaded hole, for example a dome nut to cover the end of a bolt. 帶有盲螺紋孔的螺母，例如用于覆蓋螺栓末端的圓頂螺母。 |
| Surface hardness | 表面硬度 |
(superficial hardness) Indentation hardness on, and for some distance below, the surface of a component, as opposed to its bulk hardness. Depending on the resolution required, micro- or nano-hardness testing machines are employed. （表面硬度）與整體硬度相反，部件表面及其下方一定距離的壓痕硬度。根據(jù)所需的分辨率，可使用微型或納米硬度測試機。 |
| Computed path control | 計算路徑控制 |
In CNC or robotics, the use of a control program to determine the required path for the tool or end effector. This required path forms the set points for the motor controllers moving the machine tool or robot. 在CNC或機器人技術中，使用控制程序來確定工具或末端執(zhí)行器所需的路徑。這條所需的路徑形成了用于移動機床或機器人的電機控制器的設定點。 |
| Laser hardening | 激光硬化 |
A surface-hardening process which uses a laser to quickly heat a surface. Heat conduction into the interior of the part will quickly cool the surface, leaving a shallow martensitic layer. Hardening of steel by a moving CO2?or Nd:YAG laser beam focussed down to a few mm in diameter. A point in the surface of an object is rapidly heated into the austenite range and then rapidly cooled to form tempered martensite. 一種使用激光快速加熱表面的表面硬化工藝。進入零件內(nèi)部的熱傳導將快速冷卻表面，留下淺馬氏體層。通過移動CO2或Nd:YAG激光束使鋼硬化，激光束聚焦至直徑幾毫米。物體表面的一點迅速加熱到奧氏體范圍，然后迅速冷卻，形成回火馬氏體。 |
| Steady pin | 定位銷 |
A dowel, key, or pin that prevents a pulley from turning on its shaft. 防止滑輪在其軸上轉動的銷釘、鍵或銷。 |
| Ultimate strength | 極限應力 |
The maximum tensile strength a bolt or material can support prior to rupture. Always found in the plastic region of the stress–strain or force–elongation curve, and so is not a design strength. Also called Tensile strength and ultimate tensile strength. The maximum stress (tensile, compressive, or shear) a material can sustain without fracture, determined by dividing maximum load by the original cross-sectional area of the specimen. Also known as nominal strength or maximum strength. 螺栓或材料在斷裂前可支撐的最大抗拉強度?？偸浅霈F(xiàn)在應力-應變或力-伸長率曲線的塑性區(qū)域，因此不是設計強度。也稱為抗拉強度和極限抗拉強度。材料在不斷裂的情況下能夠承受的最大應力（拉伸、壓縮或剪切），通過將最大載荷除以試樣的原始橫截面積來確定。也稱為標稱強度或最大強度。 |
| Dimension line | 尺寸線 |
A line on an engineering drawing with a numeral above it that shows the length of a feature, usually in millimetres. 工程圖上的一條線，上面有一個數(shù)字，表示特征的長度，通常以毫米為單位。 |
| Ferritic decarburization | 鐵素體脫碳 |
Decarburization with sufficient loss of carbon to cause a lighter shade of tempered martensite and a significantly lower hardness than that of the adjacent base metal, with the presence of ferrite grains or grain boundary network under metallographic examination. 脫碳，碳損失充分，導致回火馬氏體顏色較淺，硬度明顯低于相鄰母材，金相檢查時存在鐵素體晶?；蚓Ы缇W(wǎng)絡。 |
| Lap joint | 搭接接頭 |
A riveted, welded, or bonded connection between two plates made by overlapping one plate above the other. Lap joints having plates above and below a butt joint avoid the bending moment associated with a simple lap joint. 兩塊板之間的鉚接、焊接或粘結連接，通過將一塊板重疊在另一塊板上而形成。對接接頭上方和下方具有板的搭接接頭避免了與簡單搭接接頭相關的彎矩。 |
| Two-dimensional flow | 二維流 |
A fluid flow in which the velocity at any time depends upon two spatial coordinates, such as the radial and axial locations in developing pipe flow. 一種流體流動，其中任何時候的速度取決于兩個空間坐標，如發(fā)展中的管道流中的徑向和軸向位置。 |
| Spring temper | 彈簧回火 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength and hardness about two-thirds of the way from full hard to extra spring temper. 非鐵合金和一些鐵合金的一種回火，其特點是抗拉強度和硬度約為全硬回火到超彈性回火的三分之二。 |
| Water jacket | 水套 |
A casing, typically of sheet metal, surrounding a machine, such as an engine, that requires cooling. Water is circulated through the jacket and a heat exchanger where the heat is removed. 機殼一種機殼，通常由金屬板制成，圍繞著需要冷卻的機器，如發(fā)動機。水通過夾套和熱交換器循環(huán)，在熱交換器中熱量被去除。 |
| Laser sintering | 激光燒結 |
A manufacturing technique by which parts are built layer by layer (each typically 20 μm thick) from plastic or metal (Direct Metal Laser Sintering, DMLS) material in powder form, each layer being sintered by a scanning laser. 一種制造技術，通過這種制造技術，零件由粉末形式的塑料或金屬（直接金屬激光燒結，DMLS）材料逐層（每個厚度通常為 20 微米）構建，每一層都由掃描激光燒結。 |
| Pressure ratio | 壓力比 |
One pressure divided by another which may be a reference pressure. In many flow and thermodynamic processes, the pressure ratio is more important than the absolute pressure levels. For example, in compressible gas flow the Mach number is determined by the ratio of the stagnation pressure to the static pressure. 一個壓力除以另一個壓力，該壓力可以是參考壓力。在許多流動和熱力學過程中，壓力比比絕對壓力水平更重要。例如，在可壓縮氣流中，馬赫數(shù)由停滯壓力與靜壓之比決定。 |
| Torsion | 扭矩 |
A twisting deformation of a solid body about an axis in which lines that were initially parallel to the axis become helices. The twisting of an object about an axis due to an applied couple (torque). 一種固體繞軸的扭轉變形，在該變形中，最初平行于軸的線變成螺旋線。由于施加的力偶（扭矩），物體繞軸扭曲。 |
| Pressure regulator | 壓力調(diào)節(jié)器 |
(pressure-regulating valve) A device installed in a pneumatic or gas system to maintain the downstream pressure at the required level. （壓力調(diào)節(jié)閥）安裝在氣動或氣體系統(tǒng)中以將下游壓力保持在所需水平的裝置。 |
| Bias pressure (Unit Pa) | 偏壓（單位Pa） |
In a fluidic device controlled by pressure difference, the magnitude of that difference. 在由壓力差控制的流體裝置中，該差值的大小。 |
| Surface tension (σ, γ) (Unit N/m) | 表面張力（σ，γ）（單位：N/m） |
At the interface between a liquid and a gas or two immiscible liquids, unbalanced cohesive forces acting on the liquid molecules at the interface lead to the property surface tension which causes tensile forces to develop as if it were a skin or membrane. 液體和氣體或兩種不混溶液體之間的界面處，作用在界面處的液體分子上的不平衡內(nèi)聚力導致表面張力的性質(zhì)，從而導致張力的發(fā)展，就像皮膚或薄膜一樣。 |
| Bar | 巴（氣壓單位） |
A widely used (non-SI) unit of pressure approximately equal to normal atmospheric pressure at sea level. The conversion to SI is 1 bar = 105?Pa. Unit of pressure – the pressure created by a column of?€mercury 75.006 cm high at 0oC, or about 33.45 feet of water at 4oC. It is equal to 105 pascal. Standard atmospheric pressure (at sea level) is 1.01325 bar, or 1013.25 mb. 一種廣泛使用的（非SI）壓力單位，大約等于海平面上的正常大氣壓。轉換為SI為1bar=105Pa。壓力單位——0oC時75.006厘米高的水銀柱或4oC時約33.45英尺水柱產(chǎn)生的壓力。它等于105帕斯卡。標準大氣壓（海平面）為1.01325bar或1013.25mb。 |
| Elasticity | 彈性 |
The property of a material by virtue of which deformation caused by stress disappears on removal of the stress. A perfectly elastic body completely recovers its original shape and dimensions after release of stress. 一種材料的特性，通過這種特性，由應力引起的變形在去除應力后消失。完全彈性體在應力釋放后完全恢復其原始形狀和尺寸。 |
| Slack quenching | 欠速淬火 |
The incomplete hardening of steel due to quenching from the austenitizing temperature at a rate slower than the critical cooling rate for the particular steel, resulting in the formation of one or more transformation products in addition to martensite. 由于從奧氏體化溫度以低于特定鋼臨界冷卻速度的速度淬火而導致鋼的不完全硬化，導致除馬氏體外還形成一種或多種相變產(chǎn)物。 |
| Fretting corrosion | 微動腐蝕 |
(1) The accelerated deterioration at the interface between contacting surfaces as the result of corrosion and slight oscillatory movement between the two surfaces. (2) A form of fretting in which chemical reaction predominates. Fretting corrosion is often characterized by the removal of particles and subsequent formation of oxides, which are often abrasive and so increase the wear. Fretting corrosion can involve other chemical reaction products, which may not be abrasive. （1）由于兩個表面之間的腐蝕和輕微振蕩運動，接觸表面之間的界面加速劣化。（2）一種以化學反應為主的微動磨損形式。微動腐蝕通常以顆粒的去除和隨后形成的氧化物為特征，這些氧化物通常具有研磨性，因此會增加磨損。微動腐蝕可能涉及其他化學反應產(chǎn)物，這些化學反應產(chǎn)物可能不是磨料。 |
| Bánki turbine | 班基渦輪機 |
A cross-flow, impulse-type water turbine for very low heads in which a jet of water in the form of a flat sheet passes transversely through the turbine, so going through the runner twice. The thin runner blades which run horizontally across the turbine parallel to the axis of rotation are profiled in cross section. 一種用于非常低水頭的橫流脈沖式水輪機，其中平板形式的水射流橫向穿過渦輪機，因此穿過轉輪兩次。平行于旋轉軸水平穿過渦輪機的薄轉輪葉片在橫截面上具有輪廓。 |
| High strength low alloy steels | 高強度低合金鋼 |
(HSLA steels) Steels with various micro-alloying elements such as copper, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, niobium, titanium, and vanadium in small quantities that give improved strength (as high as 900 MPa) and corrosion properties compared with plain carbon steels. Improvements are due to grain refinement and precipitation hardening, better control of the chemistry during steel making, and accurate rolling temperatures. （HSLA鋼）是含有各種微合金元素的鋼，如少量的銅、鎳、鉻、鉬、鈮、鈦和釩，與普通碳鋼相比，具有更好的強度（高達900MPa）和腐蝕性能。這些改進歸功于晶粒細化和沉淀硬化、煉鋼過程中更好的化學控制以及精確的軋制溫度。 |
| Rated flow (Unit m3/s or kg/s) | 額定流量（單位：m3/s或kg/s） |
In a hydraulic system or machine, the volume or mass flow rate a manufacturer specifies for a component as the maximum desirable for it to function as designed. 在液壓系統(tǒng)或機器中，制造商為部件指定的體積或質(zhì)量流量是其按設計運行所需的最大值。 |
| Destructive testing | 破壞性測試 |
Measurement of the mechanical properties of a material, component, or structure, by increased loading until the sample fails by fracture, collapse, or buckling. 通過增加載荷測量材料、部件或結構的機械性能，直到樣品因斷裂、塌陷或屈曲而失效。 |
| Mean diameter (Unit m) | 平均直徑（單位米） |
The average of the inside and outside diameters for a helical spring or hollow circular cylinder or sphere 螺旋彈簧或空心圓柱體或球體的內(nèi)徑和外徑的平均值 |
| Flame hardening | 火焰硬化 |
A process for hardening the surfaces of hardenable ferrous alloys in which an intense flame is used to heat the surface layers above the upper transformation temperature, whereupon the workpiece is immediately quenched. 一種用于硬化可硬化鐵合金表面的工藝，其中使用強烈的火焰將表面層加熱到轉變溫度上限以上，然后立即對工件進行淬火。 |
| Stress cracking | 應力開裂 |
A family of failure modes, each of which involves high stress and chemical action. The family includes Hydrogen embrittlement, Stress corrosion cracking, stress embrittlement, and hydrogen-assisted stress corrosion. 一系列失效模式，每種模式都涉及高應力和化學作用。該系列包括氫脆、應力腐蝕開裂、應力脆化和氫輔助應力腐蝕。 |
| Natural unit system (n.u. system) | 自然單位制（n.u.制） |
A non-SI system of units, based on fundamental constants, used in high-energy and particle physics. The n.u. of speed is the speed of light in a vacuum, c0?= 299 792 458 m/s. 基于基本常數(shù)的非國際單位制，用于高能和粒子物理n.u.速度是真空中的光速，c0=299792458m/s。 |
| Boyle’s law | 波義耳定律 |
The product of the pressure of a gas p and its volume is constant at a given absolute temperature T. Together with Charles law, it yields the ideal gas equation p = Mrt where m is the mass of gas and R is the specific gas constant. The volume of a gas at constant temperature is inversely proportional to the pressure. This means that as pressure increases, the volume of a gas decreases. 在給定的絕對溫度T下，氣體的壓力p與其體積的乘積是恒定的。與查爾斯定律一起，它產(chǎn)生了理想的氣體方程p=Mrt，其中m是氣體的質(zhì)量，R是特定的氣體常數(shù)。恒溫下氣體的體積與壓力成反比。這意味著隨著壓力的增加，氣體的體積會減少。 |
| Degradation failure | 退化失效 |
Failure of a system, component, or structure owing to material degradation. 由于材料退化導致的系統(tǒng)、組件或結構失效。 |
| Positive-displacement flow meter | 容積式流量計 |
An instrument of high accuracy that determines volumetric flow rate by dividing the flowing fluid into successive fixed volumes, and measuring their times of passage through the meter. 一種高精度儀器，通過將流動的流體分成連續(xù)的固定體積并測量其通過流量計的時間來確定體積流量。 |
| Pressure difference (Unit Pa) | 壓差（單位Pa） |
(pressure differential, Δp) The difference between two pressures, one of which may be a reference pressure such as barometric pressure. In many flow processes, the pressure difference is more important than the absolute pressure level. （壓差，Δp）兩個壓力之間的差值，其中一個壓力可以是參考壓力，如大氣壓力。在許多流動過程中，壓差比絕對壓力水平更重要。 |
| Refractory materials | 耐火材料 |
Metals or ceramics that do not melt when exposed to temperature above about 1 500°C or deteriorate rapidly in a continuous temperature above about 550°C. 當暴露于高于約1500°C的溫度時不熔化或在高于約550°C的連續(xù)溫度下快速劣化的金屬或陶瓷。 |
| Actuating system | 驅(qū)動系統(tǒng) |
A system in which an electrical, pneumatic or hydraulic input supplied to an actuator produces force, torque, or displacement, usually in a controlled way. 一種系統(tǒng)，其中提供給執(zhí)行器的電氣、氣動或液壓輸入通常以受控方式產(chǎn)生力、扭矩或位移。 |
| Corrosive wear | 腐蝕磨損 |
Wear in which chemical or electrochemical reaction with the environment is significant. 與環(huán)境發(fā)生顯著化學或電化學反應的磨損。 |
| Delamination | 分層 |
A mode of failure of composite materials, including radial-ply tyres, in which the layers separate due to repeated cyclic loading, impact, or weak bonding. 復合材料的一種失效模式，包括子午線輪胎，其中層由于重復的循環(huán)載荷、沖擊或弱粘合而分離。 |
| Absolute pressure | 絕對壓力 |
1. The pressure measured relative to zero pressure (vacuum). 2. Gage pressure plus barometric pressure in the same units. 1.相對于零壓力（真空）測量的壓力。2.表壓加上大氣壓力的單位相同。 |
| Elastic constants | 彈性常數(shù) |
The factors of proportionality that relate elastic displacement of a material to applied forces. 將材料的彈性位移與施加的力相關聯(lián)的比例因子。 |
| Fastener standard | 緊固件標準 |
A document which details the attributes of a finished fastener and includes such characteristics as geometry, material or chemistry, heat treatment, finish, testing lot size, and packaging. 詳細說明緊固件屬性的文件，包括幾何形狀、材料或化學、熱處理、表面處理、測試批量和包裝等特性。 |
| Clearance fit | 間隙配合 |
A range of clearances ranging from close sliding to loose running, i.e. a fit in which the limits for the mating parts always permit assembly. 從緊密滑動到松動運行的一系列間隙，即配合零件的限制始終允許組裝的配合。 |
| Supercooling | 過冷 |
Cooling below the temperature at which an equilibrium phase transformation can take place, without actually obtaining the transformation. 在沒有實際獲得相變的情況下，冷卻到可以發(fā)生平衡相變的溫度以下。 |
| Failure of the joint | 連接失效 |
Failure of a bolted joint to behave as intended by the designer. Failure can be caused or accompanied by broken or lost bolts, but can also mean joint slip or leakage from a gasketed joint even if all bolts still remain whole and in place. Common reasons for joint failure include vibration loosening, poor assembly practices, improper design, unexpected service loads or conditions, etc. 螺栓連接未達到設計者的預期性能。故障可能由螺栓斷裂或丟失引起或伴隨而來，但也可能意味著即使所有螺栓仍保持完整和就位，也存在接頭滑動或墊圈接頭泄漏。接頭故障的常見原因包括振動松動、裝配不當、設計不當、意外的工作負載或條件等。 |
| Barcol hardness test | 巴氏硬度測試 |
An indentation test, similar to the Shore hardness test but using a pointed indentor with a flat tip, used to determine the hardness of such materials as rigid plastics and composites. 一種壓痕測試，類似于肖氏硬度測試，但使用帶有扁平尖端的尖頭壓頭，用于確定硬質(zhì)塑料和復合材料等材料的硬度。 |
| Lock-nut pipe thread | 鎖緊螺母管螺紋 |
The lock-nut pipe thread is a straight thread of the largest diameter which can be cut on a pipe. Its form is identical with that of the American or Briggs standard taper pipe thread. In general, “Go” gages only are required. These consist of a straight-threaded plug representing the minimum female lock-nut thread, and a straight-threaded ring representing the maximum male lock-nut thread. This thread is used only to hold parts together, or to retain a collar on the pipe. It is never used where a tight threaded joint is required. 鎖緊螺母管螺紋是最大直徑的直螺紋，可在管道上切割。其形式與美國或布里格斯標準錐管螺紋相同。一般情況下，只需要通規(guī)。它們由一個表示最小內(nèi)螺紋鎖緊螺母螺紋的直螺紋塞和一個表示最大外螺紋鎖緊螺帽螺紋的直形螺紋環(huán)組成。該螺紋僅用于將零件固定在一起，或用于將軸環(huán)固定在管道上。切勿使用于需要緊密螺紋接頭的情況下。 |
| Condensate strainer | 冷凝水過濾器 |
A filter in a steam plant used to remove particulate matter from condensate before it is added to feedwater. 蒸汽設備中的過濾器，用于在將冷凝水添加到給水中之前去除冷凝水中的顆粒物。 |
| Spring load (Unit N) | 彈簧載荷（單位：N） |
A load exerted on a component by bending, compressing, extending, or twisting an attached spring. Mechanical energy stored in the spring can be released if any constraints on the component are removed. 通過彎曲、壓縮、延伸或扭轉連接的彈簧而施加在部件上的載荷。如果部件上的任何約束被移除，則可以釋放彈簧中存儲的機械能。 |
| Transverse strain | 橫向應變 |
Linear strain in a plane perpendicular to the loading axis of a specimen. 垂直于試樣加載軸的平面內(nèi)的線性應變。 |
| Tribology | 摩擦學 |
The science and technology concerned with interacting surfaces in relative motion. 與相對運動中相互作用的表面有關的科學和技術。 |
| Form of thread | 螺紋形式 |
The profile of a thread in an axial plane for a length of one pitch. 一個螺距長度的螺紋在軸向平面中的輪廓。 |
| Crack-extension resistance (KR) | 抗裂擴展性（KR） |
A measure of the resistance of a material to crack extension, expressed in terms of the stress-intensity factor, the crack-extension force, or values of Jderived using the J-integral concept. 材料對裂紋擴展的抵抗力的量度，以應力強度因子、裂紋擴展力或使用J積分概念導出的J值表示。 |
| Ferralium | 鐵素體鋼 |
Ferralium is a type of Super Duplex Stainless Steel which is optimised for use within fasteners. 一種超級雙相不銹鋼，經(jīng)過優(yōu)化用于緊固件。 |
| Graphitization | 石墨化 |
Formation of graphite in iron or steel. Where graphite is formed during solidification, the phenomenon is called primary graphitization; where formed later by heat treatment, secondary graphitization. 在鐵或鋼中形成石墨。在凝固過程中形成石墨的現(xiàn)象稱為一次石墨化；后來通過熱處理，形成二次石墨化。 |
| Net weight (Unit N) | 凈重（單位：N） |
The difference between the gross weight of any container including its contents and the tare weight of the empty container. 任何容器（包括其內(nèi)容物）的毛重與空容器皮重之間的差值。 |
| Graphitizing | 石墨化退火 |
Annealing a ferrous alloy in such a way that some or all of the carbon is precipitated as graphite. 以使部分或全部碳以石墨的形式沉淀的方式對鐵合金進行退火。 |
| Slot | 狹槽 |
A groove machined into a component, e.g. to allow for thermal expansion, or in which the tongue or tip of another component can fit or slide. 在部件上加工的凹槽，例如，允許熱膨脹，或另一部件的榫舌或尖端可在其中安裝或滑動。 |
| Tolerances | 公差 |
A fractional allowance for variation from the specifications. In mass production, using automatic machines, parts are intended to be completely or partially interchangeable, and in batch production parts should ideally fit without the need for selection. In practice it is impossible for mass-produced parts to have exactly the same size, owing to tool wear, variations in raw materials, thermal effects, etc. In consequence, variations from exactness, termed tolerances, are assigned to what is permissible on the basic size. 與規(guī)范不同的部分公差。在大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)中，使用自動機器時，零件應完全或部分可互換，在批量生產(chǎn)中，零件應理想匹配，無需選擇。在實踐中，由于刀具磨損、原材料變化、熱效應等原因，批量生產(chǎn)的零件不可能具有完全相同的尺寸。因此，將精度偏差（稱為公差）指定給基本尺寸上允許的尺寸。 |
| Compressometer | 壓力計 |
Instrument for measuring change in length over a given gage length caused by application or removal of a force. Commonly used in compression testing of metal specimens. 用于測量在給定標距上由施加或移除力引起的長度變化的儀器。常用于金屬試樣的壓縮試驗。 |
| Spray quenching | 噴霧淬火 |
A quenching process using spray nozzles to spray water or other liquids on a part. The quench rate is controlled by the velocity and volume of liquid per unit area per unit of time of impingement. 使用噴嘴將水或其他液體噴射到零件上的淬火過程。淬火速率由每單位撞擊時間內(nèi)每單位面積的液體速度和體積控制。 |
| Edge distance ratio | 邊距比 |
The ratio of the edge distance to the pin diameter in a bearing test. 軸承測試中邊緣距離與銷直徑的比值。 |
| Transmission | 傳輸 |
The system that transmits power and torque from a power source; for example a shaft, belts and pulleys, or a gear train. In the case of a motor vehicle, it includes the gearbox, clutch, propeller shaft, differential and final drive shafts. 從動力源傳輸功率和扭矩的系統(tǒng)；例如軸、皮帶和滑輪或齒輪系。對于機動車輛，包括變速箱、離合器、傳動軸、差速器和終傳動軸。 |
| Shrink ring | 預緊環(huán) |
A ring, which is expanded by heating, is placed around an assembly of parts, and then contracts upon cooling to hold the assembly in place. 通過加熱膨脹的環(huán)被放置在零件組件周圍，然后在冷卻時收縮以將組件固定到位。 |
| T-bolt | T型螺栓 |
A threaded bolt having a square or rectangular end which fits into the T slot of a machine table for clamping workpieces. 一種帶有方形或矩形端頭的螺栓，可嵌入機床工作臺的T形槽中，用于夾緊工件。 |
| Push rod | 推桿 |
A rod which opens and closes a valve via a valve rocker in an overhead-valve piston engine. The rod is actuated by a camshaft located in the crankcase. 在頂置氣門活塞發(fā)動機中，通過氣門搖臂打開和關閉氣門的桿。連桿由曲軸箱中的凸輪軸驅(qū)動。 |
| Countersinking | 埋頭孔 |
The flaring out of the rim of a drilled hole to form a truncated conical depression to receive a screw having a conical head, thus giving a flush fitting. 從鉆孔的邊緣向外張開以形成截錐形凹陷，以容納具有錐形頭的螺釘，從而提供齊平的配件。 |
| Solenoid | 螺線管 |
A coil of electrically-conducting wire wrapped around a metal core, typically iron, to produce a magnetic field and hence a force on the core when an electric current passes through the coil. Solenoids are widely used to produce linear movement to actuate valves (solenoid valves) and other devices. 繞在金屬芯（通常為鐵）上的導線線圈，當電流通過線圈時產(chǎn)生磁場，從而在芯上產(chǎn)生力。電磁閥廣泛用于產(chǎn)生線性運動以驅(qū)動閥（電磁閥）和其他裝置。 |
| Active accommodation | 主動適應能力 |
The use of information from sensors, for example, in a vision system, that allows a robot to show accommodation to the environment. 使用來自傳感器的信息，例如在視覺系統(tǒng)中，允許機器人顯示對環(huán)境的適應。 |
| Acceleration due to gravity | 重力加速度 |
(acceleration of free fall, gravitational acceleration, g) (Unit m/s2) The acceleration of a freely-falling body in a vacuum, with a mean value at sea level of approximately 9.81 m/s2. （自由落體加速度，重力加速度，g）（單位m/s2）自由落體在真空中的加速度，在海平面處的平均值約為9.81m/s2。 |
| Batch | 一批 |
A definite quantity of some product or material produced under conditions that are considered uniform. A batch is usually smaller than a lot. 在被認為是均勻的條件下生產(chǎn)的一定數(shù)量的某些產(chǎn)品或材料。批次通常小于很多。 |
| Poisson’s ratio (ν) | 泊松比（ν） |
The absolute value of the ratio of transverse (lateral) strain to the corresponding axial strain resulting from uniformly distributed axial stress below the proportional limit of the material. 橫向（側向）應變與相應軸向應變之比的絕對值，該比值由低于材料比例極限的均勻分布的軸向應力產(chǎn)生。 |
| Case | 包蓋 |
That portion of a ferrous alloy, extending inward from the surface, whose composition has been altered so that it can be case hardened. Typically considered to be the portion of the alloy (a) whose composition has been measurably altered from the original composition, (b) that appears dark on an etched cross section, or (c) that has a hardness, after hardening, equal to or greater than a specified value. Contrast with core. 鐵合金的一部分，從表面向內(nèi)延伸，其成分已經(jīng)改變，可以進行表面硬化。通常被認為是合金的一部分，（a）其成分與原始成分發(fā)生了可測量的變化，（b）在蝕刻橫截面上呈黑色，或（c）硬化后硬度等于或大于規(guī)定值。與核心形成對比。 |
| Plug gauge | 塞規(guī) |
A steel gauge used to determine the dimension or dimensions of a hole. It may be straight or tapered, and is typically circular, but in principle can have any cross section. 用于確定孔的尺寸的鋼制量規(guī)。它可以是直的或錐形的，通常是圓形的，原則上可以有任何橫截面。 |
| Crankshaft | 曲軸 |
The main shaft, of which the cranks are a part, of a reciprocating single-or multi-cylinder machine. Crankshafts may be built up in sections or forged as a single component. In an engine, the reciprocating motion of the pistons transmits power to the crankshaft and causes it to rotate, whereas in a pump the crankshaft is driven and its rotation causes the pistons to reciprocate. 曲柄是往復式單缸或多缸機器主軸的一部分。曲軸可以分段組裝或作為單個部件鍛造。在發(fā)動機中，活塞的往復運動將動力傳遞給曲軸并使其旋轉，而在泵中，曲軸被驅(qū)動，其旋轉使活塞往復運動。 |
| Self-loosening | 自松動 |
The process by which a supposedly tightened fastener becomes loose, as a result of vibration, thermal cycles, shock, or anything else which cause transverse slip between joint members and between male and female threads. Vibration loosening is a common, but special, case of self-loosening. 由于振動、熱循環(huán)、沖擊或任何其他導致接頭構件之間以及陽螺紋和陰螺紋之間橫向滑動的原因，緊固件松動的過程。振動松動是自松動的一種常見但特殊的情況。 |
| Latent heat | 潛熱 |
Thermal energy absorbed or released when a substance undergoes a phase change. 物質(zhì)發(fā)生相變時吸收或釋放的熱能。 |
| Centripetal | 向心力 |
Acting or moving in a direction towards the axis of rotation. 在朝向旋轉軸的方向上起作用或移動。 |
| Age softening | 時效軟化 |
Spontaneous decrease of strength and hardness that takes place at room temperature in certain strain hardened alloys, especially those of aluminum. 某些應變硬化合金，尤其是鋁合金，在室溫下會發(fā)生強度和硬度的自發(fā)降低。 |
| Machine screw | 機械螺絲 |
A countersunk, slotted screw with machined threads such as are found on bolts. A relatively small screw, usually less than 20 mm in diameter, with the thread running along the whole length up to the head, intended to be screwed into threaded holes. If inserted through plain holes in assembled parts and held together by a nut, an undesirable contact surface of threads bearing against the surface of a hole results. 帶有機加工螺紋的沉頭開槽螺釘，如螺栓上的螺紋。一種相對較小的螺釘，直徑通常小于20毫米，螺紋沿整個長度一直延伸到頭部，用于擰入螺紋孔中。如果通過裝配零件上的平孔插入并用螺母固定在一起，則會導致螺紋與孔表面接觸不良。 |
| Hot pressing | 熱壓 |
1. Sintering of metal or ceramic powder at high temperature. 2. Formation of components from fibre-reinforced composite material in which bonding is ensured through application of pressure and temperature, often against a mould to give the required shape. 1、金屬或陶瓷粉末的高溫燒結。2. 由纖維增強復合材料形成部件，其中通過施加壓力和溫度來確保粘合，通?？吭谀＞呱弦孕纬伤璧男螤睢?/td> |
| Deviation | 偏差 |
The difference between the actual value and the desired value of a controlled variable. 受控變量的實際值與期望值之間的差值。 |
| Coalescence | 聚結 |
Growth of grains at the expense of the remainder by absorption or the growth of a phase or particle at the expense of the remainder by absorption or reprecipitation. 通過吸收以犧牲剩余為代價的晶粒的生長或以通過吸收或再沉淀為代價的以剩余為代價的相或顆粒的生長。 |
| Double tempering | 雙回火 |
A treatment in which a quench-hardened ferrous metal is subjected to two complete tempering cycles, usually at substantially the same temperature, for the purpose of ensuring completion of the tempering reaction and promoting stability of the resulting microstructure. 一種處理，其中淬火硬化的黑色金屬經(jīng)過兩個完整的回火循環(huán)，通常在基本相同的溫度下，以確保完成回火反應并提高所得微觀結構的穩(wěn)定性。 |
| Offset modulus | 補償模量 |
The ratio of the offset yield stress to the extension at the offset point (plastics). 偏移屈服應力與偏移點（塑料）處延伸的比率。 |
| Hydrodynamics | 流體力學 |
A term sometimes used to mean fluid dynamics, even when the fluid is a gas or a liquid other than water. 有時用于表示流體動力學的術語，即使流體是氣體或水以外的液體。 |
| Continuous-type furnace | 連續(xù)式爐 |
A furnace used for heat treating materials that progress continuously through the furnace, entering one door and being discharged from another. See belt furnac, direct-fired tunnel-type furnac, rotary retort furnace, shaker-hearth furnace. 一種用于熱處理材料的爐子，該爐子連續(xù)通過爐子，進入一個門并從另一個門排出。參見帶式高爐、直燃隧道式高爐、旋轉罐式爐、振動爐。 |
| Applied thermodynamics | 應用熱力學 |
(engineering thermodynamics, thermodynamics) The science of the relationship between heat, work and the properties of systems and the ways in which heat energy from fuels can be converted into mechanical work. It involves the study of all aspects of energy use and energy transformation, including power generation, refrigeration, the relevant properties of the substances involved and the relationships between them. The principle of conservation of energy is a fundamental law of nature. （工程熱力學、熱力學）熱、功和系統(tǒng)特性之間關系的科學，以及燃料中的熱能可以轉化為機械功的方式。它涉及能源使用和能源轉換的各個方面的研究，包括發(fā)電、制冷、所涉及物質(zhì)的相關特性以及它們之間的關系。能量守恒定律是自然的基本規(guī)律。 |
| Machine | 機器 |
A mechanism that transmits power in the performance of a useful task. More than one machine in one place, either connected or performing separate functions, is termed machinery. 在執(zhí)行有用任務時傳遞能量的機制。一個地方有一臺以上的連接或執(zhí)行單獨的功能，稱為機器。 |
| Grip length | 夾緊長度 |
Combined thickness of all the things clamped together by the bolt and nut, including washers, gaskets, and joint members. 由螺栓和螺母夾緊在一起的所有部件的總厚度，包括墊圈、墊圈和接頭構件。 |
| Screw pair | 螺旋副 |
Two links connected together to form a kinematic pair, in which the contacting surfaces are screw threads, so that their relative motion consists of rotation and sliding. 兩個連桿連接在一起形成運動副，其中接觸面為螺紋，因此它們的相對運動包括旋轉和滑動。 |
| Freezing point | 冰點 |
The temperature at which a substance changes phase (or state) from liquid to solid. The freezing point for most substances increases as pressure increases. The reverse process, from solid to liquid, is melting; melting point is the same as freezing point. 物質(zhì)從液態(tài)變?yōu)楣虘B(tài)的溫度。大多數(shù)物質(zhì)的冰點隨著壓力的增加而增加。從固體到液體的逆過程是熔化；熔點與凝固點相同。 |
| Blank nitriding | 空白滲氮 |
Simulating the nitriding operation without introducing nitrogen. This is usually accomplished by using an inert material in place of the nitriding agent or by applying a suitable protective coating to the ferrous alloy. 在不引入氮氣的情況下模擬氮化操作。這通常通過使用惰性材料代替氮化劑或通過在鐵合金上施加合適的保護涂層來實現(xiàn)。 |
| Stretch-bending test | 拉伸彎曲試驗 |
A simulative test for sheet metal formability in which a strip of sheet metal is clamped at its ends in lock beads and deformed in the center by a punch. Test conditions are chosen so that fracture occurs in the region of punch contact. 金屬板成形性的模擬試驗，其中金屬板條在其端部夾緊在鎖珠中，并通過沖頭在中心變形。選擇試驗條件，以便在沖頭接觸區(qū)域發(fā)生斷裂。 |
| Tow | 拖拉 |
1. To cause a vehicle to move by pulling with a rope, chain, bar, etc. 2. A bundle of? fibres employed in reinforcement. 1.用繩子、鏈條、鋼筋等拉動車輛移動。2.用于加固的纖維束。 |
| Scatter | 分散 |
Data points or calculations are said to be scattered when they are not all the same. A ‘‘lot of scatter in preload’’ means wide variation in the preloads found in individual bolts. 當數(shù)據(jù)點或計算不盡相同時，它們被稱為分散的。“預載的大量分散”意味著單個螺栓中的預載差異很大。 |
| Blade compressor | 葉片式壓縮機 |
An oil-free, double-acting rotary compressor in which an angled blade attached to the inner surface of a rotating housing passes through a slot in a disk rotating about an axis perpendicular to that of the housing but offset from it. Air enters through apertures in the housing and leaves through a port in the housing. 一種無油雙作用旋轉式壓縮機，其中連接到旋轉外殼內(nèi)表面的傾斜葉片穿過圓盤上的槽，該槽繞垂直于外殼的軸旋轉，但偏離外殼?？諝馔ㄟ^殼體中的孔進入，并通過殼體的端口離開。 |
| Stroke | 一擊 |
1. (stroke length) (Unit m) The linear distance between top dead centre and bottom dead centre of a piston in a reciprocating engine or mechanism. 2. The movement of a piston or plunger in a reciprocating machine to execute a particular function; for example, the exhaust stroke of an engine in which the exhaust gases are expelled from a cylinder. 1.（沖程長度）（單位：m）往復式發(fā)動機或機構中活塞上止點和下止點之間的線性距離。2.活塞或柱塞在往復式機器中執(zhí)行特定功能的運動；例如發(fā)動機的排氣沖程，其中排氣從氣缸中排出。 |
| Collar | 圈、箍 |
A ring secured to, or integral with, a shaft to give axial location. 固定在軸上或與軸成一體以提供軸向位置的環(huán)。 |
| Q-factor | 品質(zhì)因素 |
(quality factor, sharpness of resonance) A non-dimensional parameter that describes, for a given resonant mode, the sharpness of the peak in the frequency response of a lightly-damped linear oscillator: Q = ωRES/Δω where ωRES?is the resonance frequency and Δω is the half-power bandwidth of the resonance. It is inversely related to the damping such that a broad peak corresponds to high damping and a narrow peak to low damping. （品質(zhì)因數(shù)，共振尖銳度）一個無量綱參數(shù)，用于描述給定共振模式下，輕阻尼線性振蕩器頻率響應峰值的尖銳度：Q=ωRES/Δω，其中ωRES是共振頻率，Δω是共振的半功率帶寬。它與阻尼成反比，因此寬峰值對應于高阻尼，窄峰值對應于低阻尼。 |
| Avogadro constant | 阿伏伽德羅常數(shù) |
(Avogadro number, NA) A fundamental physical constant with the fixed numerical value 6.022 140 76 × 1023 mol?1. The mole contains exactly this number of elementary entities. A minor adjustment to the value of the Avogadro constant was made effective on 20 May 2019. （阿伏伽德羅數(shù)，NA）一個固定數(shù)值為6.02214076×1023mol的基本物理常數(shù)?摩爾正好包含這個數(shù)量的基本實體。對阿伏伽德羅常數(shù)值的微小調(diào)整于2019年5月20日生效。 |
| Arbitration bar | 抗彎試棒 |
A test bar, cast with a heat of material, used to determine chemical composition, hardness, tensile strength, and deflection and strength under transverse loading in order to establish the state of acceptability of the casting. 用熱材料鑄造的測試棒，用于確定化學成分、硬度、抗拉強度、橫向載荷下的撓度和強度，以確定鑄件的可接受狀態(tài)。 |
| Martempering | 淬火 |
(1) A hardening procedure in which an austenitized ferrous workpiece is quenched into an appropriate medium whose temperature is maintained substantially at the Ms?of the workpiece, held in the medium until its temperature is uniform throughout–but not long enough to permit bainite to form–and then cooled in air. The treatment is frequently followed by tempering. (2) When the process is applied to carburized material, the controlling Ms?temperature is that of the case. This variation of the process is frequently called marquenching. （1）一種淬火工藝，將奧氏體化鐵質(zhì)工件淬火到適當?shù)慕橘|(zhì)中，該介質(zhì)的溫度基本保持在工件的Ms，保持在該介質(zhì)中直到其溫度在整個過程中均勻，但不足以形成貝氏體，然后在空氣中冷卻。處理后經(jīng)常進行回火。（2） 當該工藝應用于滲碳材料時，控制Ms溫度與實際情況相同。這個過程的變化經(jīng)常被稱為淬火。 |
| Tension | 拉伸 |
The force or load that produces elongation. 1. The condition in a bar, belt, cable, spring, string, wire, etc. that is being pulled from either end. 2. (tensile force) (unit N) The force associated with tension as in (1). It is measured by a tension meter. 伸長力產(chǎn)生伸長的力或載荷。1.從兩端拉出的桿、帶、電纜、彈簧、線、線等的狀態(tài)。2.（張力）（單位N）與張力相關的力。 |
| Mechanical units | 機械單位 |
The units of physical quantities, the dimensions of which includemass, length, and time. 物理量的單位，其量綱包括質(zhì)量、長度和時間。 |
| Chain dimensioning | 鏈條尺寸標注 |
On an engineering drawing, where the end point of one dimension is the starting point for the next. Parallel dimensioning is preferred as chain dimensioning can lead to the accumulation of tolerances. 在工程圖紙上，其中一個尺寸的終點是下一個的起點。平行尺寸標注是首選，因為鏈尺寸標注可能導致公差累積。 |
| X–Y recorder | X-Y記錄儀 |
A device that plots a graph of a variable y against a variable x, both in the form of voltages. 一種繪制變量y和變量x的圖形的設備，兩者都以伏特數(shù)的形式。 |
| Grub screw | 平頭螺絲 |
A short headless screw with a recess at one end to receive a screw driver or key. 一種短的無頭螺釘，一端有一個凹槽，用于安裝螺絲刀或鑰匙。 |
| Toughness (Unit J/m2) | 韌性（單位：J/m2） |
The ability of a metal to absorb energy and deform plastically before fracturing. 1. The ability of a material to resist crack initiation and propagation. 2. The ability of a material to absorb strain energy without fracturing. 金屬在破裂前吸收能量和塑性變形的能力。1.材料抵抗裂紋萌生和擴展的能力。2.材料在不發(fā)生斷裂的情況下吸收應變能的能力。 |
| Transmission dynamometer | 傳動測功機 |
A dynamometer in which the power transmitted by a shaft is obtained from the product of its rotation speed and the torque determined from measured shear strains along the shaft. 一種測功機，其中軸傳遞的功率由其轉速和扭矩的乘積獲得，扭矩由沿軸測得的剪切應變確定。 |
| Stress equalizing | 應力均衡 |
A low-temperature heat treatment used to balance stresses in cold-worked material without an appreciable decrease in the mechanical strength produced by cold working. 一種低溫熱處理，用于平衡冷加工材料中的應力，而不會明顯降低冷加工產(chǎn)生的機械強度。 |
| Slip | 滑落 |
Plastic deformation by the irreversible shear displacement (translation)of one part of a crystal relative to another in a definite crystallographic direction and usually on a specific crystallographic plane. Sometimes called glide. 晶體的一部分在一定的晶體學方向上相對于另一部分的不可逆剪切位移（平移）引起的塑性變形，通常在特定的晶體主義平面上。有時被稱為滑翔。 |
| Tap | 旋塞 |
1. A threaded hard metal plug for cutting screw threads in holes. It has longitudinal grooves for the clearance of chips while cutting. Progressive cutting is achieved by using three taps in succession: taper, second, and plug. First and second taps have tapers to help start the thread along the axis of the hole; the plug tap has no taper and is used on the final cut in a blind hole. 2. A valve in, or at the end of, a pipeline. 1.一種用于在孔中切割螺紋的螺紋硬金屬塞。它具有縱向凹槽，用于在切割時清除切屑。漸進式切割通過連續(xù)使用三個絲錐實現(xiàn)：錐度、二次和塞。第一和第二絲錐具有錐度，以幫助沿孔的軸線開始螺紋；塞式絲錐沒有錐度，用于盲孔的最終切割。2.管道中或管道末端的閥門。 |
| Apparent area of contact | 表觀接觸面積 |
In tribology, the area of contact between two solid surfaces defined by the boundaries of their macroscopic interface. 在摩擦學中，兩個固體表面之間的接觸區(qū)域由其宏觀界面的邊界定義。 |
| Vibrometer | 測振儀 |
A device used to measure the motion of a vibrating surface, typically using a contactless laser-based technique. 一種用于測量振動表面運動的裝置，通常使用非接觸激光技術。 |
| Critical temperature ranges | 臨界溫度范圍 |
Synonymous with transformation ranges, which is the preferred term. 與轉換范圍同義，這是首選術語。 |
| Compound pendulum | 復擺 |
A rigid body free to swing about an axis. 可繞軸自由擺動的剛體。 |
| Pin or mandrel | 銷或心軸 |
In bend testing, the plunger or tool used in making semiguided, guided, or wrap-around tests to apply the bending force to the inside surface of the bend. In free bends or semiguided bends to an angle of180°, a shim or block of the proper thickness may be placed between the legs of the specimen as bending is completed. This shim or block is also referred to as a pin or mandrel. 在彎曲測試中，用于進行半導向、導向或環(huán)繞測試以將彎曲力施加到彎曲內(nèi)表面的柱塞或工具。在180°角的自由彎曲或半導向彎曲中，彎曲完成后，可在試樣支腿之間放置適當厚度的墊片或墊塊。該墊片或墊塊也稱為銷或心軸。 |
| Swift cup test | 斯威夫特杯測試 |
A simulative cupping test in which circular blanks of various diameters are clamped in a die ring and deep drawn into cups by a flat-bottomed cylindrical punch. 一種模擬拔杯試驗，將不同直徑的圓形坯料夾緊在模環(huán)中，并用平底圓柱沖頭將其深拉入杯中。 |
| Inspection gauge | 檢驗規(guī) |
Any of various gauges used in manufacturing and quality control to check dimensions, finish, etc. 任何用于制造和質(zhì)量控制的各種量規(guī)，以檢查尺寸、光潔度等。 |
| Screw compressor | 螺桿壓縮機 |
A positive-displacement rotary compressor in which gas is progressively compressed by two intermeshing, counter-rotating, helical screws. 一種容積式旋轉壓縮機，其中氣體由兩個相互嚙合、反向旋轉的螺旋螺桿逐漸壓縮。 |
| Interrupted aging | 分段時效 |
Aging at two or more temperatures, by steps, and cooling to room temperature after each step. 分為兩個或兩個以上的溫度時效，按順序并在每個步驟后冷卻至室溫。 |
| Condensing boiler | 冷凝鍋爐 |
A relatively small industrial or domestic boiler that burns sulfur-free natural gas so that the products of combustion do not contain sulfuric acid and can be allowed to condense on heat-transfer surfaces without danger of corrosion. 一種相對較小的工業(yè)或家用鍋爐，燃燒無硫天然氣，因此燃燒產(chǎn)物不含硫酸，并且可以在傳熱表面上冷凝而沒有腐蝕的危險。 |
| Bearing stress | 承受應力 |
The force per unit of bearing area. 每單位承載面積的力。 |
| Induction tempering | 感應回火 |
Tempering of steel using low-frequency electrical induction heating. 鋼的回火采用低頻電感應加熱。 |
| Flange rotation | 法蘭轉角 |
Angular distortion of a flange under the influence of bolt and reaction forces. Measured with respect to the center of the cross section of the flange. 法蘭在螺栓和反作用力影響下的角度變形。相對于法蘭橫截面的中心測量。 |
| Threshold stress for stress-corrosion cracking (σth) | 應力腐蝕開裂閾值應力（σth） |
An experimentally determined critical gross-section stress below which stress-corrosion cracking will not occur under specified test conditions. 實驗確定的臨界總截面應力，低于該應力，在規(guī)定的試驗條件下不會發(fā)生應力腐蝕開裂。 |
| Fahrenheit | 華氏度 |
The temperature scale based on the freezing point of water (32oF) and the boiling point of water (212oF). The interval between these points is divided into 180 equal parts. Although replaced by the Celsius scale, the Fahrenheit scale is still sometimes used for non-scientific measurements. 溫標基于水的冰點（32oF）和水的沸點（212oF）。這些點之間的間隔被分成180等份。盡管被攝氏刻度所取代，華氏刻度有時仍用于非科學測量。 |
| Semiguided bend | 半導彎曲 |
The bend obtained by applying a force directly to the specimen in the portion that is to be bent. The specimen is either held at one end and forced around a pin or rounded edge, or is supported near the ends and bent by a force applied on the side of the specimen opposite the supports and midway between them. In some instances, the bend is started in this manner and finished in the manner of a free bend. 通過將力直接施加于待彎曲部分中的試樣而獲得的彎曲。將試樣固定在一端，并圍繞銷或圓邊施力，或者在靠近端部的位置支撐試樣，并通過施加在試樣與支撐件相對的一側以及兩者中間的力進行彎曲。在某些情況下，折彎以此方式開始，然后以自由折彎的方式結束。 |
| Impact wrench | 沖擊扳手 |
An air- or electric-powered wrench in which multiple blows from tiny hammers are used to produce output torque to tighten fasteners. A pneumatically-or electrically-powered socket wrench used to tighten or loosen nuts through the application of torque in a rapid series of impulses. 一種氣動或電動扳手，使用小錘子多次敲擊來產(chǎn)生輸出扭矩以擰緊緊固件，用于通過在一系列快速脈沖中施加扭矩來擰緊或松開螺母。 |
| Fillister head | 槽頭 |
Similar to a pan head but with a smaller head diameter and a taller head, with higher vertical sides. 類似于盤頭，但頭部直徑較小，頭部較高，垂直邊較高。 |
| ASME | ASME |
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 美國機械工程師學會。 |
| Shear strength (Unit Pa) | 抗剪強度（單位Pa） |
The maximum shear stress that can be withstood by a material either (a) before plasticity occurs or (b) before rupture. 材料在（a）塑性發(fā)生之前或（b）斷裂之前能夠承受的最大剪切應力。 |
| Standard | 標準 |
(standard specification) A set of specifications for components, machines, materials, or processes intended to achieve uniformity, efficiency, and a specified quality. In the UK, standards issued by the British Standards Institution (BSI) are now generally those of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). （標準規(guī)范）為實現(xiàn)一致性、效率和特定質(zhì)量而制定的一套組件、機器、材料或工藝規(guī)范。在英國，英國標準協(xié)會（BSI）發(fā)布的標準現(xiàn)在基本上是國際標準化組織（ISO）的標準。 |
| Submerged-electrode furnace | 浸入式電極爐 |
A furnace used for liquid carburizing of parts by heating molten salt baths with the use of electrodes submerged in the ceramic lining. 一種通過使用浸入陶瓷襯里中的電極加熱熔融鹽浴對零件進行液體滲碳的爐。 |
| Gravity | 重力 |
The attractive force by which bodies are drawn towards the centre of Earth or other celestial object. Its intensity is measured by the acceleration produced. The gravitational force of attraction at the surface of a planet or other celestial body. The Earth’s gravity produces an acceleration of around 9.8m/s2 for any unsupported body. 物體被拉向地球中心或其他天體的吸引力，行星或其他天體表面的引力。它的強度是通過產(chǎn)生的加速度來衡量的，對于任何無支撐的物體，地球的重力都會產(chǎn)生大約9.8m/s2的加速度。 |
| Prying | 撬動 |
The magnification of an External load by a pseudolever action when that load is an Eccentric tensile load. 當外部荷載為偏心拉伸荷載時，通過偽杠桿作用放大外部荷載。 |
| Angle of thread | 螺紋角度 |
The included angle between the sides forming the groove of the screw thread. 形成螺紋凹槽的邊之間的夾角。 |
| Turret lathe | 六角車床 |
A capstan lathe in which the capstan is driven mechanically or hydraulically to provide assigned tool paths to perform a specified sequence of operations in the repetitive production of parts. 一種絞盤車床，其中絞盤由機械或液壓驅(qū)動，以提供指定的刀具路徑，在零件的重復生產(chǎn)中執(zhí)行指定的操作順序。 |
| Austempering | 等溫淬火 |
A heat treatment for ferrous alloys in which a part is quenched from the austenitizing temperature at a rate fast enough to avoid formation of ferrite or pearlite and then held at a temperature just above Ms until transformation to bainite is complete. Although designated as bainite in both austempered steel and austempered ductile iron (ADI), austempered steel consists of two phase mixtures containing ferrite and carbide, while austempered ductile iron consists of two phase mixtures containing ferrite and austenite. Heat treatment comprising austenitization of a steel article, cooling it to a bainitic range at a rate higher than the critical cooling rate and holding at a fixed temperature until the completion of bainitic transformation. 一種鐵合金的熱處理，其中零件從奧氏體化溫度以足夠快的速度淬火，以避免形成鐵素體或珠光體，然后保持在略高于Ms的溫度，直到完全轉變?yōu)樨愂象w。雖然在奧氏體鋼和奧氏體球鐵(ADI)中都被指定為貝氏體，但奧氏體鋼由含有鐵素體和碳化物的兩相混合物組成，而奧氏體球墨鑄鐵由含有鐵素體和奧氏體的兩相混合物組成。熱處理包括鋼制品的奧氏體化，以高于臨界冷卻速率的速率將其冷卻到貝氏體范圍，并保持在固定溫度直到貝氏體轉變完成。 |
| Minimum load (Pmin) | 最小負載（Pmin） |
In fatigue, the least algebraic value of applied load in a cycle. 在疲勞中，循環(huán)中施加載荷的最小代數(shù)值。 |
| Castellated nut | 槽形螺母 |
A nut having slots across the hexagonal faces, used with a bolt having a drilled hole so that a split (cotter) pin may be inserted through both nut and bolt to prevent unscrewing. 一種在六角面上有槽的螺母，與具有鉆孔的螺栓一起使用，以便將開口（開口）銷插入穿過螺母和螺栓以防止擰松。 |
| Pressure surface | 壓力面 |
The high-pressure surface of an aerofoil, turbine, or compressor blade. In normal aircraft applications, this is the lower surface of a wing. For applications, such as to high-performance motor vehicles, where the aerofoil is inverted to generate downforce, it is the upper surface. 機翼、渦輪或壓縮機葉片的高壓表面。在正常的飛機應用中，這是機翼的下表面。對于高性能機動車輛等應用，機翼翻轉以產(chǎn)生下壓力，它是上表面。 |
| Centrifugal fan | 離心風機 |
A machine with a rotor consisting of a number of blades mounted around a hub and used for moving air or other gases. The gas enters the rotor axially and is discharged radially at increased pressure. 一種帶有轉子的機器，轉子由安裝在輪轂周圍的許多葉片組成，用于移動空氣或其他氣體。氣體軸向進入轉子并在增加的壓力下徑向排出。 |
| Machine tool | 機床工具 |
A powered machine, such as a borer, grinder, lathe, milling machine or planer, used for cutting and shaping metal, plastics, composites, etc. (machining). A machining centre is a CNC machine tool working about several axes, having a stock of tools and automatic tool changing ability, which is capable of diverse machining operations under automated control. 一種動力機器，如鉆孔機、磨床、車床、銑床或刨床，用于切割和成形金屬、塑料、復合材料等（機加工）。加工中心是圍繞多個軸工作的CNC機床，具有刀具庫存和自動換刀能力，能夠在自動化控制下進行各種加工操作。 |
| Equation, long form | 方程，長格式 |
An equation which relates the torque applied to a bolt to the preload created in it, and involves fastener geometry and the coefficient of friction between mating surfaces. A theoretical equation based on rigid body mechanics and the assumption that the geometry of the fastener is perfectly described by blueprint dimensions. 將施加在螺栓上的扭矩與螺栓中產(chǎn)生的預載荷聯(lián)系起來的方程，該方程涉及緊固件幾何形狀和配合面之間的摩擦系數(shù)。基于剛體力學和緊固件幾何結構由藍圖尺寸完美描述的假設的理論方程。 |
| Slug wrench | 緩動扳手 |
A box wrench with an anvil on the end of the handle. Torque is produced by striking the anvil with a sledge hammer. 柄端有鐵砧的套筒扳手。扭矩是通過用大錘敲擊鐵砧產(chǎn)生的。 |
| Multiple threaded screw | 多螺紋螺釘 |
A screw with two or more threads cut around the periphery of the workpiece to provide an increased lead with a specified pitch. 一種螺釘，具有圍繞工件周邊切割的兩個或多個螺紋，以提供具有指定螺距的增加的導程。 |
| Abelian group | 阿貝爾群 |
Property of a group of elements associated with a binary operation. In an Abelian group, the group elements commute under the binary operation. If a and b are any two group elements and if the (+) sign denotes the binary operation, then, for an Abelian group, 與二元運算相關的一組元素的屬性。在阿貝爾群中，群元素在二元運算下交換。如果a和b是任意兩個群元素并且（+）符號表示二元運算 |
| Bolt gage | 螺栓量規(guī) |
An ultrasonic instrument used to measure the stress or strain in bolts. 用于測量螺栓應力或應變的超聲波儀器。 |
| Hot stamping | 熱沖壓 |
Hot forging of brass and bronze alloys. 黃銅和青銅合金的熱鍛。 |
| Strain rate | 應變率 |
The time rate of straining for the usual tensile test. Strain as measured directly on the specimen gage length is used for determining strain rate. Because strain is dimensionless, the units of strain rate are reciprocal time. 通常拉伸試驗的應變時間速率。直接在試樣標距上測量的應變用于確定應變率。因為應變是無因次的，所以應變率的單位是倒數(shù)時間。 |
| Base metal hardness | 母材硬度 |
Hardness closest to the surface (when traversing from core to outside diameter) just before an increase or decrease occurs, denoting, respectively, carburization or decarburization. 在發(fā)生增加或減少之前最接近表面的硬度（從芯部到外徑時），分別表示滲碳或脫碳。 |
| Austenitic stainless steels | 奧氏體不銹鋼 |
Austenitic stainless steels are non-magnetic. They contain significant additions of chromium (16–30%), but have the austenite (FCC) crystal structure, stabilized by the addition of nickel in the composition range 6–20%. Carbon content ranges from about 0.03 to 0.15%. The ‘18–8’ stainless steels containing approximately 18% chromium and 8% nickel are typical of the class. Austenitic stainless steels have high strength and corrosion resistance even at elevated temperatures, good ductility, good low-temperature properties, and good weldability. Used for aircraft and transport equipment, cutlery, chemical and food-processing equipment, surgical instruments, and cryogenic vessels. 奧氏體不銹鋼是非磁性的。它們含有顯著添加的鉻（16–30%），但具有奧氏體（FCC）晶體結構，通過在6–20%的成分范圍內(nèi)添加鎳來穩(wěn)定。碳含量范圍約為0.03至0.15%。含有大約18%鉻和8%鎳的“18-8”不銹鋼是該級別的典型不銹鋼。奧氏體不銹鋼即使在高溫下也具有高強度和耐腐蝕性，良好的延展性，良好的低溫性能和良好的焊接性。用于飛機和運輸設備、餐具、化學和食品加工設備、手術器械和低溫容器。 |
| Lock nut | 鎖緊螺母 |
A type of nut that is prevented from loosening under vibration. The locking action is accomplished by squeezing, gripping or jamming against the bolt threads. A nut which provides extra resistance to vibration loosening (beyond that produced by proper Preload ), either by providing some form of Prevailing torque, or, in free-spinning lock nuts, by deforming, cramping, or biting into mating parts when fully tightened. 1. A thin auxiliary nut tightened against another nut to prevent loosening. 2. A single nut with special features that prevent loosening. 一種在振動下防止松動的螺母。鎖定動作通過擠壓、夾緊或卡住螺栓螺紋來完成。通過提供某種形式的主要扭矩，或在自由旋轉鎖緊螺母中，通過完全擰緊時變形、夾緊或咬入配合零件，提供額外的抗振動松動能力（超出適當預載產(chǎn)生的能力）。1.一個薄的輔助螺母，擰緊到另一個螺母上以防止松動。2.具有防止松動的特殊功能的單個螺母。 |
| Load and resistance factor design | 負載和阻力系數(shù)設計 |
A design procedure developed for the AISC by the Research Council on Structural Connections. Assigns uncertainties in the strength of (i.e., resistance of) and in the service loads to be placed on a shear joint to estimate the probable strength of the joint. It is a recently defined alternative to the Allowable stress design procedure. 結構連接研究委員會為AISC制定的設計程序。分配剪切接頭的強度（即阻力）和工作荷載的不確定性，以估計接頭的可能強度。它是最近定義的容許應力設計程序的替代方案。 |
| Track rod | 橫拉桿 |
A bar connecting the ends of the steering arms in an automotive vehicle. 連接汽車轉向臂端部的桿。 |
| Plane-strain fracture toughness (KIc) | 平面應變斷裂韌性（KIc） |
The crack extension resistance under conditions of crack-tip plane strain. 裂紋尖端平面應變條件下的裂紋擴展阻力。 |
| Energy losses (Unit kJ) | 能量損失（單位kJ） |
A commonly-used misnomer in view of the conservation-ofenergy principle, but used to mean energy converted into forms that are not used in a process, for example thermal energy from a heat engine dissipated to the surroundings, or produced by friction in a machine, or by surface drag. 從能量守恒原理來看，這是一個常用的術語錯誤，但可以用于表示轉換為過程中未使用的形式的能量，例如，從熱機散發(fā)到周圍環(huán)境的熱能，或由機器中的摩擦或表面阻力產(chǎn)生的熱能。 |
| Concentration ratio | 濃度比 |
For a concentrating solar collector, the ratio of the projected area of the concentrator facing the solar beam to the actual area of the receiver. 對于聚光太陽能集熱器，集中器面向太陽光束的投影面積與接收器的實際面積之比。 |
| Vacuum relief valve | 真空安全閥 |
A valve that admits gas to a system under vacuum, should the degree of vacuum become excessive. 如果真空度過高，允許氣體在真空下進入系統(tǒng)的閥門。 |
| Rivet | 鉚釘 |
A short rod with a head on one end that is inserted through aligned holes in plates to be joined, after which a second head is made on the protruding shank by hammering or forming. The most common head shapes are flat, domed, and inverse conical. In an array, the rivet pitch is the distance between the centres of adjacent rivets. Failure may occur by different mechanisms or modes. A one piece fastener consisting of a head and a body and used for fastening two or more pieces together by passing the body through a hole in each piece and then forming a second head on the body end. It cannot be removed except by taking off the head. 一種一端有頭的短桿，插入待連接板上對齊的孔中，然后通過錘擊或成型在突出的桿身上制作第二個頭。最常見的頭部形狀是扁平、圓頂和倒錐形。在陣列中，鉚釘間距是相鄰鉚釘中心之間的距離。故障可能由不同的機制或模式發(fā)生。一種一體式緊固件，由頭部和主體組成，用于將兩個或多個部件緊固在一起，方法是將主體穿過每個部件上的孔，然后在主體端部形成第二個頭部。除非取下頭部，否則無法移除。 |
| Burning | 燃燒化 |
(1) Permanently damaging a metal or alloy by heating to cause either incipient melting or intergranular oxidation. See overheating, grain-boundary liquation. (2) In grinding, getting the work hot enough to cause discoloration or to change the microstructure by tempering or hardening. （1）通過加熱導致初期熔化或晶間氧化而永久損壞金屬或合金。參見過熱、晶界液化。（2）在磨削過程中，使工件熱到足以引起變色或通過回火或硬化改變微觀結構。 |
| Biomedical engineering | 生物醫(yī)學工程 |
The application of engineering principles and methodology to the medical field. Examples involving mechanical engineering include the design and construction of artificial limbs and hearts, heart-lung machines, prosthetic eyes, and orthopaedic implants such as hip joints and pins to stabilize fractured bones. 工程原理和方法在醫(yī)學領域的應用。涉及機械工程的例子包括假肢和心臟、心肺機、假眼和骨科植入物（如髖關節(jié)和用于穩(wěn)定骨折骨骼的銷釘）的設計和建造。 |
| Lead of thread | 螺紋導程 |
On a single threaded screw, the distance the screw or nut advances in one complete revolution. 在單螺紋螺釘上，螺釘或螺母在一整圈中前進的距離。 |
| Acoustic droplet ejection | 聲液滴噴射 |
The ejection of small droplets from the surface of a liquid that results from focusing high-intensity ultrasound near the surface. 由于在表面附近聚焦高強度超聲波而從液體表面噴射出小液滴。 |
| Anti-freeze | 防凍液 |
A substance such as ethylene glycol added to the cooling system of a watercooled engine to lower the freezing point of the cooling water and also inhibit the formation of rust and other deposits. 一種物質(zhì)，如乙二醇，添加到水冷發(fā)動機的冷卻系統(tǒng)中，以降低冷卻水的冰點，并抑制生銹和其他沉積物的形成。 |
| Welding | 焊接 |
In tribology, the bonding between metallic surfaces in direct contact, at any temperature. A joining process in which the mating surfaces are at least softened, or more usually melted, unlike soldering and brazing. In solid-state (non-melting) welding, similar or dissimilar metals or thermoplastics may be joined by applying pressure to hot interfaces. In forge welding, joining is achieved by compression across the join between pre-heated workpieces. In friction welding (spin welding) one of the contacting surfaces is rotated rapidly before being loaded against the other. On contact, heat generated by friction softens the materials and permits severe plastic deformation that seals the joint. In friction stir welding, a wear-resistant tool is rotated rapidly, indents the surfaces and is traversed to form a join line. Resistance welding involves simultaneous pressure and electrically-generated heat, as in spot welding where a heavy electric current is passed for a short time through metal sheets which are pressed together between electrodes. 在摩擦學中，在任何溫度下直接接觸的金屬表面之間的結合。與釬焊和釬焊不同，接合面至少軟化或更通常熔化的接合工藝。在固態(tài)（非熔化）焊接中，相似或不同的金屬或熱塑性塑料可通過向熱界面施加壓力來連接。在鍛造焊接中，通過壓縮預熱工件之間的連接來實現(xiàn)連接。在摩擦焊接（旋轉焊接）中，一個接觸表面在被加載到另一個表面之前快速旋轉。接觸時，摩擦產(chǎn)生的熱量使材料軟化，并允許密封接頭的嚴重塑性變形。在攪拌摩擦焊中，耐磨工具快速旋轉，使表面凹陷，并橫穿形成連接線。電阻焊涉及同時產(chǎn)生的壓力和電產(chǎn)生的熱量，如點焊，在點焊中，大電流短時間通過電極之間壓在一起的金屬板。 |
| Specific heat capacity | 比熱容 |
The heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 K. It is measured in J/(kg K). 將1千克物質(zhì)的溫度升高1K所需的熱量。單位為J/（kg K）。 |
| Barometer | 氣壓計 |
An instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure. An instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure. There are two main types – the mercury barometer, and the aneroid barometer. 用于測量大氣壓力的儀器。有兩種主要類型——水銀氣壓計和無液氣壓計。 |
| Torsion bar | 扭桿 |
A metal bar designed to act as an elastic spring when torque is applied. 當施加扭矩時用作彈性彈簧的金屬棒。 |
| Linear (tensile or compressive) strain | 線性（拉伸或壓縮）應變 |
The change per unit length due to force in an original linear dimension. An increase in length is considered positive. 由于原始線性尺寸中的力，每單位長度的變化。長度的增加被認為是正的。 |
| Creep–time relations | 蠕變時間關系 |
Algebraic or numerical relations between creep strain and time at constant stress. 恒定應力下蠕變應變與時間之間的代數(shù)或數(shù)值關系。 |
| Volume flow rate | 體積流率 |
(volumetric flow rate, , ) (Unit m3/s) The volume of a material, usually a fluid or powder, that flows across a surface or through a pipe or other duct per unit time. （體積流量）（單位m3/s）單位時間內(nèi)流經(jīng)表面或管道或其他管道的材料體積，通常為流體或粉末。 |
| Starting friction | 起動摩擦 |
(limiting friction, static friction, stiction) (Unit N) The force required to initiate movement between two bodies in contact. （極限摩擦力、靜摩擦力、粘滯）（單位N）在兩個接觸物體之間啟動運動所需的力。 |
| Socket wrench | 套筒扳手 |
A form of spanner with an internally ridged steel socket to fit a nut or the head of a bolt or screw. 扳手的一種形式，帶有內(nèi)脊鋼套筒，用于安裝螺母或螺栓或螺釘?shù)念^部。 |
| Bearing area | 承載面積 |
The product of the pin (or hole) diameter and specimen thickness in a bearing test. (bearing surface) (Unit m2) The projected area of a hole, such as a rivet hole, that carries a transverse load. 軸承測試中銷（或孔）直徑和試樣厚度的乘積。（承載面）（單位m2）承載橫向載荷的孔（例如鉚釘孔）的投影面積。 |
| Wind energy (Unit kJ) | 風能（單位kJ） |
The kinetic energy associated with wind that can be converted by a wind energy conversion system (WECS) into electrical or mechanical power by a rotor, such as a multi-bladed propeller, exposed to the wind. If the air density is ρ and the wind speed is V, then the kinetic energy flux is ρV3/2. The actual wind power that can be extracted by a wind turbine intercepting a cross section of wind A is CPρAV3/2 where CP is an empirical efficiency factor termed the power coefficient. The wind-energy distribution is a histogram of the calculated wind power that can be generated annually from the windspeed frequency distribution at a given location. A windmill generates mechanical power whereas a wind turbine (wind generator) generates electrical power. The largest wind turbine, manufactured by MHI Vestas, has a power rating of 9.5 MW, a rotor diameter of 164 m, and a hub height of 105 m (the highest wind turbines have heights in the region of 190 m). A wind farm is an array of wind turbines, typically ten to several hundred, at a single location, either onshore or offshore. Energy derived from wind is a major contributor to sustainable energy generation. The largest operational offshore wind farm, located in the Irish Sea, has 87 turbines and a total generating capacity of 659 MW. The largest onshore wind farm is in Kern County, California with some 586 turbines and a total capacity of 1 550 MW. 風能轉換系統(tǒng)（WECS）可通過暴露于風中的轉子（如多葉片螺旋槳）將與風相關的動能轉換為電能或機械能。如果空氣密度為ρ，風速為V，則動能通量為ρV3/2。可由截獲風a橫截面的風力渦輪機提取的實際風功率為CPρAV3/2，其中CP是稱為功率系數(shù)的經(jīng)驗效率因子。風能分布是根據(jù)給定位置處的風速頻率分布每年可產(chǎn)生的計算風力的直方圖。風車產(chǎn)生機械功率，而風力渦輪機（風力發(fā)電機）產(chǎn)生電功率。MHI Vestas制造的最大風力渦輪機的額定功率為9.5MW，轉子直徑為164m，輪轂高度為105m（最高風力渦輪機的高度為190m）。風電場是一系列風力渦輪機，通常為十到幾百臺，位于單一位置，無論是陸上還是海上。風能是可持續(xù)能源發(fā)電的主要貢獻者。最大的海上風電場位于愛爾蘭海，擁有87臺渦輪機，總發(fā)電容量為659MW。最大的陸上風電場位于加利福尼亞州克恩縣，擁有約586臺渦輪機，總容量為1550兆瓦。 |
| Shear strain | 剪切應變 |
The tangent of the angular change, as a response to force, between two lines originally perpendicular to each other through a point in a body. Also known as shearing strain. 角變化的切線，作為對力的響應，在兩條原本通過物體中的一個點相互垂直的線之間。也稱為剪切應變。 |
| Thermodynamic properties | 熱力學性質(zhì) |
Temperature, pressure, and the intensive properties that define the state of a working fluid: specific internal energy, specific enthalpy and specific entropy. 溫度、壓力和定義工作流體狀態(tài)的密集屬性：比內(nèi)能、比焓和比熵。 |
| Kinetic energy | 動能 |
Energy that an object possesses because it is in motion. It is the energy given to an object to set it in motion. On impact, it is converted into other forms of energy such as strain, heat, sound and light. 物體因運動而擁有的能量。它是賦予物體使其運動的能量。撞擊時，它被轉換成其他形式的能量，如應變、熱、聲和光。 |
| Screw pump | 螺桿泵 |
A positive-displacement pump that uses one or more helical rotors rotating within a casing to transfer liquids or slurries. 一種容積式泵，使用一個或多個在外殼內(nèi)旋轉的螺旋轉子輸送液體或泥漿。 |
| Slant fracture | 傾斜裂縫 |
A type of fracture appearance, typical of plane-stress fractures, in which the plane of metal separation is inclined at an angle (usually about 45°) to the axis of the applied stress. 一種斷裂現(xiàn)象，典型的平面應力斷裂，其中金屬分離面與施加應力的軸成一定角度（通常約45°）傾斜。 |
| Bucket | 吊桶 |
1. A cup-shaped vane with a central dividing ridge attached to the periphery of the runner of an impulse water turbine such as a Pelton turbine. 2. A rotor blade in a compressor or turbine. 1.一種杯形葉片，所述杯形葉片具有附接到?jīng)_擊式水輪機（例如沖擊式水輪機臺）的轉輪的外圍的中央分隔脊。2.壓縮機或渦輪機中的轉子葉片。 |
| Safety valve (safety-relief valve) | 安全閥（安全泄壓閥） |
A mechanical valve, fitted by law to all pressure vessels (e.g. steam boilers), which opens to prevent the internal pressure exceeding the maximum design value for that vessel. The valve closes again once the pressure reduces to a safe level. 根據(jù)法律安裝在所有壓力容器（如蒸汽鍋爐）上的機械閥，其打開以防止內(nèi)部壓力超過該容器的最大設計值。一旦壓力降至安全水平，閥門將再次關閉。 |
| Design heating load (Unit kW) | 設計熱負荷（單位kW） |
The heating requirements based on a specified number of heating degree days, or required to maintain a building or other enclosed space at a specified temperature for a given outside temperature. 基于指定的采暖度日數(shù)的加熱要求，或在給定的外部溫度下將建筑物或其他封閉空間保持在指定溫度下所需的加熱要求。 |
| Vehicle | 車輛 |
A means of conveyance for transporting goods and people, generally with wheels powered by a petrol, diesel, or steam engine, or by an electric motor, or by a hybrid combination of an electric motor and a diesel or petrol engine. 一種運輸貨物和人員的交通工具，通常由汽油機、柴油機或蒸汽機、電動機或電動機與柴油機或汽油機的混合動力驅(qū)動。 |
| Atomization | 霧化 |
The production of a spray of fine droplets from a liquid, such as diesel oil or petrol, by injection through a nozzle (an atomizer). 通過噴嘴（霧化器）噴射從液體（例如柴油或汽油）中產(chǎn)生細小液滴噴霧。 |
| Mole number (N) | 摩爾數(shù)（N） |
The number of moles in a given mass m of a substance, equal to m divided by the molar mass of the substance. 摩爾數(shù)物質(zhì)給定質(zhì)量m中的摩爾數(shù)，等于m除以物質(zhì)的摩爾質(zhì)量。 |
| Minimum stress-intensity factor (Kmin) | 最小應力強度因子（Kmin） |
In fatigue, the minimum value of the stress-intensity factor in a cycle. This value corresponds to the minimum loadwhen the load ratio is 0 and is taken to be 0 when the load ratio is ≤0. 在疲勞中，一個循環(huán)中應力強度因子的最小值。該值對應于負載比為0時的最小負載，當負載比為≤0 |
| Ratchet marks | 棘輪痕 |
Lines on a fatigue fracture surface that result from the intersection and connection of fatigue fractures propagating from multiple origins. Ratchet marks are parallel to the overall direction of crack propagation and are visible to the unaided eye or at low magnification. 疲勞斷裂面上由從多個源頭傳播的疲勞斷裂的交叉和連接產(chǎn)生的線。棘輪標記與裂紋擴展的整個方向平行，肉眼或低倍鏡下均可看到。 |
| Blueing | 發(fā)藍 |
Application of blue dye (‘engineers’ blue’) to identify high spots on surfaces in contact, or for marking out. 應用藍色染料（“工程師藍”）來識別接觸表面上的高點，或用于標記。 |
| Hoseclip | 軟管夾 |
(hose clamp) A circular metal band, one end of which has a screw mechanism through which passes the other end such that the screw engages with indentations in the band, allowing the clip to be tightened or loosened. Used to hold a hose on to a pipe such as a water outlet. （軟管夾）一種圓形金屬帶，其一端有一個螺釘組織，另一端穿過該螺釘組織，使螺釘與帶子上的凹口嚙合，從而可以擰緊或松開夾子。用于將軟管固定在管道上，例如出水口。 |
| Embrittlement | 脆化 |
The loss of ductility or fracture toughness of materials, either during processing or in service. The severe loss of ductility or toughness or both, of a material, usually a metal or alloy. Many forms of embrittlement can lead to brittle fracture. Many forms can occur during thermal treatment or elevated-temperature service (thermally induced embrittlement). Some of these forms of embrittlement, which affect steels, include blue brittleness, 885 °F (475 °C) embrittlement, quench-age embrittlement, sigma-phase embrittlement, strain-age embrittlement, temper embrittlement, tempered martensite embrittlement, and thermal embrittlement. In addition, steels and other metals and alloys can be embrittled by environmental conditions (environmentally assisted embrittlement). The forms of environmental embrittlement include acid embrittlement, caustic embrittlement, corrosion embrittlement, creep-rupture embrittlement, hydrogen embrittlement, liquid metal embrittlement, neutron embrittlement, solder embrittlement, solid metal embrittlement, and stress-corrosion cracking. 材料在加工或使用過程中的延展性或斷裂韌性損失。通常是金屬或合金的延展性或韌性或兩者的嚴重損失。多種形式的脆化可導致脆性斷裂。在熱處理或高溫服務期間，可能會出現(xiàn)多種形式（熱致脆化）。影響鋼的一些脆化形式包括藍脆、885°F（475°C）脆化、淬火時效脆化、西格瑪相脆化、應變時效脆化，回火脆化、回火馬氏體脆化和熱脆化。此外，鋼和其他金屬和合金可能因環(huán)境條件而脆化（環(huán)境輔助脆化）。環(huán)境脆化的形式包括酸脆化、堿脆化、腐蝕脆化、蠕變斷裂脆化、氫脆化、液態(tài)金屬脆化、中子脆化、焊料脆化、固態(tài)金屬脆化和應力腐蝕開裂。 |
| Shear strain rate(Unit 1/s) | 剪切應變率（單位1/s） |
In the deformation of solids, the rate at which shear strain is applied in a test or changes with time in a loaded component or structure. 在固體變形中，在試驗中施加剪切應變的速率，或在加載部件或結構中隨時間變化的速率。 |
| Gibbs–Dalton law | 吉布斯-道爾頓定律 |
An extension of Dalton’s law of additive pressures to include the statement that the internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy of a mixture of gases are equal to the sum of the internal energies, enthalpies, and entropies the individual constituents would have if each existed alone at the same temperature and volume. Gibbs rule is that part of the law pertaining to entropy. 道爾頓附加壓力定律的擴展，包括以下陳述：氣體混合物的內(nèi)能、焓和熵等于各個成分單獨存在時的內(nèi)能、焓和熵之和。相同的溫度和體積。吉布斯定律是與熵有關的定律的一部分。 |
| Vector | 矢量 |
Any physical quantity, such as velocity, acceleration, force, or momentum, that is specified in terms of both its magnitude and its direction. The convention of printing vector quantities in boldface was introduced by the physicist Josiah Willard Gibbs. 任何物理量，如速度、加速度、力或動量，以其大小和方向來表示。用黑體印刷矢量量的慣例是由物理學家約西亞·威拉德·吉布斯提出的。 |
| Contact strength (Unit N) | 接觸強度（單位N） |
The maximum allowable load between contacting bodies converted into a stress. 換算成應力的接觸體之間的最大允許載荷。 |
| Absolute manometer | 絕對壓力計 |
A manometer that measures absolute pressure, i.e. pressure measured relative to a perfect vacuum. Absolute pressure cannot be negative. 測量絕對壓力的壓力計，即相對于完美真空測量的壓力。絕對壓力不能為負。 |
| Offset yield strength | 條件屈服強度 |
The stress at which the strain exceeds by a specified amount (the offset) an extension of the initial proportional portion of the stress-strain curve. Expressed in force per unit area. 應變超過應力-應變曲線初始比例部分延伸規(guī)定量（偏移）的應力。以每單位面積的力表示。 |
| Edge distance | 邊距 |
The distance from the edge of a bearing specimen to the center of the hole in the direction of applied force. 在作用力方向上，從軸承試樣的邊緣到孔中心的距離。 |
| Transformation temperature | 相變溫度 |
The temperature at which a change in phase occurs. The term is sometimes used to denote the limiting temperature of a transformation range. The following symbols are used for iron and steels. 發(fā)生相位變化的溫度。該術語有時用于表示轉變范圍的極限溫度。以下符號用于鋼鐵。 |
| Oil quenching | 油淬 |
Hardening of carbon steel in an oil bath. Oils are categorized as conventional, fast, martempering, or hot quenching. 碳鋼在油浴中的硬化。分為常規(guī)、快速、馬氏體淬火或熱淬火。 |
| Critical load (Unit N) | 臨界負荷（單位N） |
1. The applied load that causes propagation of an existing crack of known length, and hence fracture of a component or structure. 2. The applied load that results in buckling of a column of given end fixity. 1.導致已知長度的現(xiàn)有裂紋擴展并因此導致部件或結構斷裂的施加荷載。2.導致具有給定端部固定性的柱屈曲的施加荷載。 |
| Standardization | 標準化 |
1. National and international agreements for design, manufacture, materials, performance, practices, requirements, strength, etc. which ensure common results wherever an item is made and wherever used. 2. The manufacture of components so that interchangeability of parts during assembly of new, or repair of old, items is possible without ‘fitting’. 1.關于設計、制造、材料、性能、慣例、要求、強度等的國家和國際協(xié)議，確保在任何地方制造和使用物品都能產(chǎn)生共同結果。2.部件的制造，以便在裝配新部件或維修舊部件時，無需“裝配”即可實現(xiàn)部件的互換性。 |
| Biodiesel | 生物柴油 |
A substitute for diesel fuel derived from the oily seeds of sunflowers, oilseed rape, soya beans, etc. 從向日葵、油菜、大豆等的油性種子中提取的柴油的替代品。 |
| Transition temperature (Unit K) | 轉變溫度（單位K） |
(1) An arbitrarily defined temperature that lies within the temperature range in which metal fracture characteristics (as usually determined by tests of notched specimens) change rapidly, such as from primarily fibrous (shear)to primarily crystalline (cleavage) fracture. (2) Sometimes used to denote an arbitrarily defined temperature within a range in which the ductility changes rapidly with temperature. (transition point) 1. The temperature at which the mechanism of fracture in metal alloys having a face-centred cubic crystal structure changes from ductile void growth to brittle cleavage. 2. The temperature at which a material changes from one crystal state to another. （1） 任意定義的溫度，位于金屬斷裂特性（通常通過缺口試樣的試驗確定）快速變化的溫度范圍內(nèi)，如從主要纖維（剪切）斷裂到主要結晶（解理）斷裂。（2） 有時用于表示延性隨溫度快速變化的范圍內(nèi)的任意定義的溫度。（轉變點）1.具有面心立方晶體結構的金屬合金的斷裂機制從韌性孔洞生長轉變?yōu)榇嘈越饫淼臏囟取?.材料從一種晶體狀態(tài)轉變?yōu)榱硪环N晶體的溫度。 |
| Atomizing humidifier | 霧化加濕器 |
A humidifier that functions by spraying fine droplets of water into an airstream. 一種加濕器，通過將細小的水滴噴射到氣流中來發(fā)揮作用。 |
| Waste-heat recovery | 廢熱回收 |
The recovery of thermal energy from flue and exhaust gases, or from liquids heated in industrial processes. Recovery devices include pre-heaters, recuperators, regenerators, and waste-heat boilers. 從煙道和廢氣中或從工業(yè)過程中加熱的液體中回收熱能?；厥昭b置包括預熱器、回熱器、再生器和余熱鍋爐。 |
| Stiffness | 剛度 |
(1) The ability of a metal or shape to resist elastic deflection.(2) The rate of stress increase with respect to the rate of increase in strain induced in the metal or shape; the greater the stress required to produce a given strain, the stiffer the material is said to be. （1）金屬或形狀抵抗彈性變形的能力。（2）所述應力增加速率相對于在所述金屬或形狀中誘導的應變增加速率；產(chǎn)生給定應變所需的應力越大，材料就越硬。 |
| Preload adjustments | 預載調(diào)整 |
Preloads may be applied directly by axial loading or indirectly by turning of the nut or bolt. When preload is applied by turning of nuts or bolts, a torsion load component is added to the desired axial bolt load. 預載荷可通過軸向載荷直接施加，或通過轉動螺母或螺栓間接施加。當通過轉動螺母或螺栓施加預載荷時，扭轉載荷分量被添加到所需的軸向螺栓載荷中。 |
| Available resource | 可用資源 |
(total resource) (Unit J) The total annual energy theoretically available from a renewable-energy source, such as ocean waves, the wind, or the total incident solar energy. （總資源）（單位J）理論上可從可再生能源（例如海浪、風或總入射太陽能）獲得的年度總能量。 |
| Compression stroke | 壓縮沖程 |
The stroke in a reciprocating compressor or engine during which the working fluid is compressed. 往復式壓縮機或發(fā)動機中工作流體被壓縮的沖程。 |
| Mole (mol) | 摩爾（mol） |
The base unit of the amount of substance in the SI system. It was previously defined as the amount of substance of a system that contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon-12. From 20 May 2019 it has been defined as the amount of substance containing exactly 6.022 140 76 × 1023?elementary entities. SI國際單位制中物質(zhì)量的基本單位。此前，它被定義為一個系統(tǒng)中的物質(zhì)量，該系統(tǒng)包含的基本實體數(shù)量與0.012千克碳-12中的原子數(shù)量相同。從2019年5月20日起，它已被定義為包含6.02214076×1023個基本實體的物質(zhì)量。 |
| Total heat (Unit kJ) | 總熱量（單位kJ） |
An alternative term for enthalpy. It is inappropriate as it suggests that it includes kinetic energy in the same way as total enthalpy, but it does not. Also, heat and enthalpy are quite different quantities, as their definitions show. 焓的另一個術語。這是不恰當?shù)?，因為它表明，它包括動能的方式與總焓相同，但它實際上并不是的。此外，熱和焓是完全不同的量，正如它們的定義所示。 |
| Adhesive joint | 粘合接頭 |
The point or area in which two structures are held together by an adhesive. 兩個結構通過粘合劑粘合在一起的點或區(qū)域。 |
| Creep | 蠕變 |
The slow, plastic deformation of a body under heavy loads. Time-dependent plasticity. Time-dependent and permanent deformation of material under constant load or stress. The strain increases with time at a rate that increases with increasing temperature. Creep can lead to large strain and eventual failure, and so limit the lifetime of components subjected to load at high temperature. Creep in metals becomes significant at homologous temperatures in excess of about 0.4, e.g. 1200°C for tungsten, 504°C for titanium, 450°C for iron, and 100°C for aluminium. 物體在重載荷下緩慢的塑性變形，隨時間變化的可塑性，材料在恒定載荷或應力下隨時間變化的永久變形。應變隨時間以隨溫度升高而增加的速率增加。蠕變可能導致大應變和最終失效，從而限制部件在高溫下承受載荷的壽命。當同源溫度超過約0.4℃時，金屬蠕變變得顯著，例如鎢為1200℃，鈦為504℃，鐵為450℃，鋁為100℃。 |
| Impact testing | 沖擊測試 |
Determination of the mechanical properties of materials under high-rate conditions. Often determined from the behaviour of a testpiece when struck by a pendulum or a weight falling from a known height, or when sandwiched between two Hopkinson bars. 在高速條件下測定材料的機械性能。通常根據(jù)測試件在被鐘擺撞擊或從已知高度墜落的重物或夾在兩個霍普金森棒之間時的行為來確定。 |
| Strength (Unit Pa) | 強度（單位Pa） |
The maximum stress, in tension, compression, shear, or combinations thereof, that may be monotonically applied to a material, component, or structure before failure (defined as fracture, yielding, buckling, etc. as appropriate). 在破壞前（視情況定義為斷裂、屈服、屈曲等），材料、部件或結構在拉伸、壓縮、剪切或其組合中可能單調(diào)施加的最大應力。 |
| Hexagon nut | 六角螺母 |
A nut having six sides and shaped like a hexagon. 六邊形的螺母。 |
| Kilogram (kg) | 千克（kg） |
The base unit of mass in the SI system. It was previously defined as being equal to the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram, a right cylinder of height and diameter 39.17 mm made of an alloy of 90% (by mass) platinum and 10% iridium. From 20 May 2019 it has been defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant h to be 6.626 070 150 × 10?34?when expressed in the unit J.s, which is equal to kg.m2.s. 國際單位制中的基本質(zhì)量單位。它以前被定義為等于國際原型千克的質(zhì)量，一個高度和直徑為39.17毫米的右圓柱體，由90%（質(zhì)量）的鉑和10%的銥合金制成。從2019年5月20日起，普朗克常數(shù)h的固定數(shù)值被定義為6.626070150×10?34當以單位J.s表示時，和kg.m2.s一樣。 |
| Aerated bath nitriding | 空氣攪拌液體滲氮法 |
A type of liquid nitriding in which air is pumped through the molten bath creating agitation and increased chemical activity. 一種液體氮化，其中空氣被泵入熔池，產(chǎn)生攪拌并增加化學活性。 |
| Coextrusion | 復合擠壓 |
The simultaneous extrusion through the same die of two or more materials in combination. 通過同一模具同時擠出兩種或多種材料的組合。 |
| Flame annealing | 火焰退火 |
Annealing in which the heat is applied directly by a flame. 通過火焰直接加熱的退火。 |
| Combustion deposit | 燃燒沉積物 |
Ash, carbon, and other incombustible solids, often due to impurities in the fuel, that build up on any surfaces exposed to products of combustion. They can lead to corrosion, reduced heat transfer and so higher flue-gas temperatures and reduced efficiency. 灰、碳和其他不燃固體，通常是由于燃料中的雜質(zhì)，在暴露于燃燒產(chǎn)物的任何表面上堆積。它們會導致腐蝕、傳熱降低，從而導致煙氣溫度升高和效率降低。 |
| Radial engine | 徑向發(fā)動機 |
A piston engine in which the cylinders are arranged radially around the crankshaft, a design commonly used in early aircraft engines. 氣缸沿徑向圍繞曲軸布置的活塞式發(fā)動機，這種設計通常用于早期飛機發(fā)動機。 |
| Eutectic | 共晶 |
(1) An isothermal reversible reaction in which a liquid solution is converted into two or more intimately mixed solids on cooling, the number of solids formed being the same as the number of components in the system. (2) An alloy having the composition indicated by the eutectic point on an equilibrium diagram. (3) An alloy structure of intermixed solid constituents formed by a eutectic reaction. （1）一種等溫可逆反應，其中液體溶液在冷卻時轉化為兩種或兩種以上緊密混合的固體，形成的固體數(shù)量與系統(tǒng)中組分的數(shù)量相同。（2）一種合金，其成分由平衡圖上的共晶點表示。（3）由共晶反應形成的混合固體成分的合金結構。 |
| Transgranular fracture | 穿晶斷裂 |
Fracture in crystalline materials where the path of cracking is predominantly across grains. 晶體材料中的斷裂，其中裂紋路徑主要跨越晶粒。 |
| Clevis joint | U形接頭 |
A joint formed by two parallel cantilever beams pressed upon a component between the beams. 由兩個平行懸臂梁壓在梁之間的部件上形成的接頭。 |
| Absolute viscosity | 絕對粘度 |
A measure of the internal shear properties of fluids, expressed as the tangential force per unit area at either of two horizontal planes separated by one unit thickness of a given fluid, one of the planes being fixed and the other moving with unit velocity. 流體內(nèi)部剪切特性的量度，表示為兩個水平面中的任何一個上的單位面積切向力，兩個水平面被給定流體的一個單位厚度隔開，其中一個平面固定，另一個以單位速度移動。 |
| Brittle lacquer coating | 脆性漆涂層 |
A lacquer that, when painted on to an unloaded body, reveals the direction of maximum tension stresses from the pattern of cracking produced in the lacquer when the body is loaded. 一種漆，當涂在未加載的車身上時，從車身加載時在漆中產(chǎn)生的裂紋圖案中顯示出最大拉應力的方向。 |
| Joint space | 關節(jié)空間 |
The description of the position and orientation of a robot in terms of the rotational angles and translational positions of the joints. Kinematic analysis, normally using homogeneous transforms, allows conversion between this description and the end‐effector position and orientation in x,y,z space. 根據(jù)關節(jié)的旋轉角度和平移位置描述機器人的位置和方向。通常使用齊次變換的運動學分析允許在該描述與x、y、z空間中的末端執(zhí)行器位置和方向之間進行轉換。 |
| Wing | 翼 |
A relatively long and thin body with a cross section designed to produce lift when there is motion relative to a fluid. The principal applications are to aircraft and highperformance motor vehicles. 一種相對長而薄的物體，其橫截面設計用于在相對于流體運動時產(chǎn)生升力。主要應用于飛機和高性能機動車輛。 |
| Amplifier | 放大器 |
A device by which the output of a hydraulic, pneumatic, or electrical source is increased. 增加液壓、氣動或電源輸出的裝置。 |
| Thermal analysis | 熱分析 |
A method for determining transformations in a metal by noting the temperatures at which thermal arrests occur. These arrests are manifested by changes in slope of the plotted or mechanically traced heating and cooling curves. When such data are secured under nearly equilibrium conditions of heating and cooling, the method is commonly used for determining certain critical temperatures required for the construction of equilibrium diagrams. 一種通過記錄發(fā)生熱阻的溫度來確定金屬轉變的方法。這些阻力表現(xiàn)為繪制或機械追蹤的加熱和冷卻曲線斜率的變化。當這些數(shù)據(jù)在加熱和冷卻的近似平衡條件下得到保證時，該方法通常用于確定構建平衡圖所需的某些臨界溫度。 |
| Secondary stresses (Unit Pa) | 二次應力（單位Pa） |
Stresses different from those induced by the major loading but nevertheless resulting from the major loads; for example, the hoop stresses that occur around the circumference of barrelled compression testpieces and forgings. 與主要荷載引起的應力不同，但主要荷載產(chǎn)生的應力；例如，桶裝壓縮試件和鍛件周圍產(chǎn)生的環(huán)向應力。 |
| Thumb screw | 蝶形螺釘 |
A type of screw having a winged or knurled head for turning by hand when a quick and light clamping effect is desired. 一種螺釘，具有翼形或滾花頭，當需要快速、輕夾緊效果時，可手動轉動。 |
| Starting valve (regulator) | 起動閥（調(diào)節(jié)器） |
A valve which admits steam from the boiler to the cylinder(s) of a steam engine. 將蒸汽從鍋爐送入蒸汽機汽缸的閥門。 |
| Snap temper | 快速回火 |
A precautionary interim stress-relieving treatment applied to high-hardenability steels immediately after quenching to prevent cracking because of delay in tempering them at the prescribed higher temperature. 在淬火后立即對高淬透性鋼進行預防性臨時應力消除處理，以防止因在規(guī)定的更高溫度下回火延遲而開裂。 |
| Calorizing | 熱化 |
Imparting resistance to oxidation to an iron or steel surface by heating in aluminum powder at 800 to 1000 °C (1470 to 1830 °F). 通過在800至1000°C（1470至1830°F）下加熱鋁粉，賦予鐵或鋼表面抗氧化性。 |
| Compression test | 壓縮測試 |
A method for assessing the ability of a material to withstand compressive loads. The determination of the stress–strain curve of a material by axial loading of a specimen in compression. In brittle materials failure is in the elastic range; more ductile materials will yield before fracture; very ductile materials will plastically deform extensively before failure. The compression strength (compressive strength), with unit Pa, is the compressive stress that causes failure in a component or structure. 一種評估材料承受壓縮載荷能力的方法。通過壓縮試樣的軸向載荷確定材料的應力-應變曲線。在脆性材料中，破壞在彈性范圍內(nèi)；韌性更強的材料在斷裂前會屈服；韌性很強的材料在失效前會發(fā)生廣泛的塑性變形?？箟簭姸龋箟簭姸龋?，單位為Pa，是導致部件或結構失效的壓應力。 |
| Combined stresses | 復合應力 |
The stress state at a point in a component subjected to combination of axial, bending, torsional loadings etc., acting along all reference axes. 沿所有參考軸作用的受軸向、彎曲、扭轉載荷等組合作用的部件中某點的應力狀態(tài)。 |
| Maximum continuous load | 最大連續(xù)負載 |
(maximum continuous rating) (Unit kg/s) The maximum rate of steam output that a boiler can supply for a specified period, usually 24 hours. （最大連續(xù)額定功率）（單位為kg/s）鍋爐在規(guī)定時間內(nèi)（通常為24小時）可供應的最大蒸汽輸出率。 |
| Residual strength (Unit N) | 剩余強度（單位：N） |
The strength of a damaged body containing defects induced by microcracking, thermal shock, etc. 包含由微裂紋、熱沖擊等引起的缺陷的受損體的強度。 |
| Piston pump | 活塞泵 |
A positive-displacement pump in the basic configuration of which a piston reciprocates in a cylinder. On the suction stroke, fluid is drawn into a chamber through the inlet valve, which is then open while the outlet valve is closed. On the delivery stroke the fluid is forced out of the chamber through the outlet valve, which then opens while the inlet valve is closed. Both axial and radial configurations are common. 活塞在氣缸中往復運動的一種容積泵。在吸入沖程，流體通過入口閥吸入腔室，然后在出口閥關閉時打開。在輸送沖程中，流體通過出口閥被迫流出腔室，然后出口閥打開，同時入口閥關閉。軸向和徑向配置都很常見。 |
| Electrolyte | 電解質(zhì) |
The liquid with which the Electrodes of a battery or Corrosion cell are wetted. 潤濕電池或腐蝕電池電極的液體。 |
| Shock load | 沖擊載荷 |
The sudden application of an external force that results in a very rapid build-up of stress. 突然施加外力，導致應力迅速增加。 |
| Closed-die forging | 閉模鍛造 |
The forming of a workpiece by compression within a pair of dies having the female form of the component to be manufactured (closed dies), superfluous metal being expelled as flash where the dies meet. 在一對具有待制造部件的陰模的模具（閉模）內(nèi)通過壓縮形成工件，多余的金屬在模具相遇處作為飛邊排出。 |
| Valve plug | 閥塞 |
A conical or cylindrical plug, in which there are transverse holes, in a valve, such as a plug valve. Flow through the holes occurs when the plug is rotated. 閥門中的圓錐形或圓柱形閥塞，其中有橫向孔，如旋塞閥。旋轉閥塞時，會發(fā)生通過孔的流動 |
| Crack length (depth) (a) | 裂紋長度（深度）（a） |
In fatigue and stress corrosion cracking, the physical crack size used to determine the crack growth rate and the stress-intensity factor. For the compact-type specimen, crack length is measured from the line connecting the bearing points of load application. For the center-cracked-tension specimen, crack length is measured from the perpendicular bisector of the central crack. 在疲勞和應力腐蝕裂紋中，用于確定裂紋擴展速率和應力強度因子的物理裂紋尺寸。對于緊湊型試樣，裂紋長度從連接載荷施加點的線開始測量。對于中心裂紋拉伸試樣，從中心裂紋的垂直平分線測量裂紋長度。 |
| Engineering stress (s) | 工程應力 |
A term sometimes used for conventional stress in order to differentiate it from true stress. In tension testing, it is calculated by dividing the breaking load applied to the specimen by the original crosssectional area of the specimen. 一個術語，有時用于常規(guī)應力，以區(qū)別于真實應力。在拉伸試驗中，通過將施加在試樣上的斷裂載荷除以試樣的原始橫截面積來計算。 |
| ABS polymer | ABS聚合物 |
A class of thermoplastic co-polymer consisting of the three monomers acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene that has improved properties (particularly toughness) over the individual constituents. 一類由丙烯腈、丁二烯和苯乙烯三種單體組成的熱塑性共聚物，其性能（特別是韌性）優(yōu)于單個成分。 |
| Serrations | 鋸齒 |
A row of notches or tooth-like projections on an edge or surface. On an engineering drawing, serrations on the surface of a circular component are shown over about 60° of arc. 邊緣或表面上的一排凹口或齒狀突起。在工程圖紙上，圓形部件表面的鋸齒超過約60°的圓弧。 |
| Charles law/Charles' law | 查爾斯定律 |
(Gay–Lussac law) The volume of a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure is proportional to its absolute temperature. The volume of a gas at constant pressure is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. （蓋-呂薩克定律）在恒定壓力下，固定質(zhì)量氣體的體積與其絕對溫度成正比。恒壓下氣體的體積與其絕對溫度成正比。 |
| Shear modulus (G) | 剪切模量（G） |
The ratio of shear stress to the corresponding shear strain for shear stresses below the proportional limit of the material. Values of shear modulus are usually determined by torsion testing. Also known as modulus of rigidity. 對于低于材料比例極限的剪切應力，剪切應力與相應剪切應變之比。剪切模量值通常通過扭轉試驗確定。也稱為剛度模量。 |
| Hooke’s law | 胡克定律 |
Within the limit of proportionality, the extension of a material is proportional to the applied force. Approximately, it is the relationship between stress and strain in an elastic material when it is stretched. The law states that the stress (force per unit area) is proportional to the strain (a change in dimensions). The law, which holds only approximately and over a limited range, was discovered in 1676 by Robert Hooke. 在比例極限內(nèi)，材料的延伸與所施加的力成比例。近似地說，它是彈性材料拉伸時應力和應變之間的關系。該定律指出，應力（單位面積的力）與應變（尺寸變化）成比例。該定律僅適用于有限的范圍，由羅伯特·胡克于1676年發(fā)現(xiàn)。 |
| Diaphragm meter | 隔膜計 |
A dry flow meter in which there are two or more interconnected chambers, each having a diaphragm in the wall. The chambers empty and fill alternately and the flow rate of gas is determined from the movement of diaphragms. Diaphragm meters are commonly used to monitor domestic and commercial gas supply. 一種干式流量計，其中有兩個或多個相互連接的腔室，每個腔室的壁上都有一個隔膜。腔室交替排空和填充，氣體流速由隔膜的移動確定。隔膜流量計通常用于監(jiān)測家用和商用燃氣供應。 |
| Condensation shock | 冷凝沖擊 |
For supersonic flow of a moist gas through a divergent nozzle, condensation occurs in the form of spontaneous nucleation at some point downstream of that at which the temperature falls to the saturation temperature. The condensation process proceeds rapidly, and results in a fairly thick discontinuity termed a condensation shock. 對于通過發(fā)散噴嘴的濕氣體超音速流動，在溫度降至飽和溫度的點下游的某個點處，冷凝以自發(fā)成核的形式發(fā)生。凝結過程進行得很快，導致相當厚的不連續(xù)性，稱為凝結激波。 |
| Absolute stability | 絕對穩(wěn)定 |
Condtion of a linear system in which there exists a limiting value of the open-loop gain such that the system is stable for all lower values of that gain, and unstable for all higher values. 線性系統(tǒng)的條件，其中存在開環(huán)增益的限制值，使得系統(tǒng)對于該增益的所有較低值都是穩(wěn)定的，而對于所有較高值來說都是不穩(wěn)定的。 |
| Forging cracks | 鍛造裂紋 |
This may occur during fastener manufacturing at the cutting or forging operations and are located on the top of the head or on the raised periphery of indented head bolts. 這可能發(fā)生在緊固件制造過程中的切削或鍛造操作中，并且位于頭部的頂部或帶鋸齒的頭部螺栓的凸起周邊上。 |
| Natural aging | 自然時效 |
Spontaneous aging of a supersaturated solid solution at room temperature. 過飽和固溶體在室溫下的自發(fā)時效。 |
| Longitudinal direction | 縱向 |
The principal direction of flow in a worked metal. See also normal direction and transverse direction. 加工金屬中的主要流動方向。另請參見法向和橫向。 |
| Archimedes screw | 阿基米德螺旋泵 |
A machine which comprises a rotating helical blade inside a closefitting tube, which may be used to pump liquids, slurries (such as sewage), granular materials, etc. If water flows into the top of an inclined or vertical Archimedes screw, the screw will rotate and can be used to drive an electrical generator. 一種機器，它在緊密的管子內(nèi)包含一個旋轉的螺旋葉片，可用于泵送液體、泥漿（如污水）、顆粒材料等。如果水流入傾斜或垂直的阿基米德螺桿的頂部，螺桿將旋轉，可用于驅(qū)動發(fā)電機。 |
| Atomic volume | 原子體積 |
Volume of unit cell per atom. 每個原子的晶胞體積。 |
| Indentation hardness | 壓痕硬度 |
The resistance of a material to indentation as determined by hardness testing. The indenter, which may be spherical or diamond shaped, is pressed into the surface of a metal under specified load for a given time. (Unit Pa or, non-SI, kgf/mm2) A measurement of hardness taken by means of an indenter, pressed into a material by a load, which makes a permanent impression. The hardness is given by the load divided by the projected (sometimes surface) area of the indentation. Plasticity theory shows that the hardness is about 2.5–3 times the uniaxial yield stress. 通過硬度測試確定的材料抗壓痕的能力。壓頭可以是球形或菱形，在規(guī)定的載荷下壓入金屬表面一段時間。（單位Pa或，非國際單位制，kgf/mm2）通過壓頭測量硬度，壓入材料，形成永久壓痕。硬度由載荷除以壓痕的投影（有時是表面）面積得出。塑性理論表明，硬度約為單軸屈服應力的2.5–3倍。 |
| Bolt stress (Unit Pa) | 螺栓應力（單位Pa） |
The axial tensile stress induced in a bolt by tightening. 通過擰緊在螺栓中產(chǎn)生的軸向拉應力。 |
| Dilatometer | 膨脹計 |
An instrument for measuring length or volume changes in a solid during heating and subsequent cooling or isothermal holding. · An instrument for measuring the linear expansion or contraction in a metal resulting from changes in such factors as temperature and allotropy. 一種在加熱和隨后的冷卻或等溫保持過程中測量固體長度或體積變化，測量金屬因溫度和同素異形體等因素的變化而引起的線性膨脹或收縮的儀器。 |
| Starting taper | 起始錐度 |
The taper on the end of a reamer or tap which aids in starting the cut. 鉸刀或絲錐端部的錐度，有助于開始切割。 |
| Ductile crack propagation | 延性裂紋擴展 |
Slow crack propagation that is accompanied by noticeable plastic deformation and requires energy to be supplied from outside the body. 緩慢的裂紋擴展，伴隨著明顯的塑性變形，需要從外部提供能量。 |
| Scale height (Unit m) | 刻度高度（單位：m） |
The altitude H at which the atmospheric pressure has decreased to a certain fraction of its value at sea level B. It depends on the model adopted for the atmosphere: for an isothermal atmosphere, the pressure decreases exponentially with altitude. If H is taken as the altitude at which the pressure has fallen to B/e, then H = RT/g where R is the gas constant for air, T is the absolute temperature T, and g is the acceleration due to gravity. 大氣壓力降低到其在海平面B處數(shù)值的某一部分的高度H。它取決于大氣采用的模型：對于等溫大氣，壓力隨高度呈指數(shù)下降。如果取H作為壓力下降到B/e的高度，則H=RT/g，其中R是空氣的氣體常數(shù)，T是絕對溫度T，g是重力引起的加速度。 |
| Bulk density (Unit kg/m3) | 容重（單位kg/m3） |
The average density of a mass of granular or powdered material at ambient conditions. 在環(huán)境條件下大量粒狀或粉狀材料的平均密度。 |
| Oil-cooled | 油冷卻 |
A term for a machine that uses circulating oil to remove heat. 使用循環(huán)油散熱的機器的術語。 |
| Combustible | 易燃 |
(inflammable) A term for substances that can be ignited and burned. （易燃）可點燃和燃燒的物質(zhì)的術語。 |
| Spring constant | 彈簧常數(shù) |
The ratio between the forces exerted on a spring (or a bolt) and the deflection thereof. Has the dimensions of force per unit change in length (e.g., lb=in.). Also called Stiffness. 施加在彈簧（或螺栓）上的力與其撓度之間的比率。具有每單位長度變化的力的尺寸（例如lb=in.）。也稱為剛度。 |
| Fastener | 緊固件 |
A fastener is a mechanical device for holding two or more bodies in definite positions with respect to each other. 緊固件是一種機械裝置，用于將兩個或多個物體相對于彼此固定在確定的位置。 |
| Intense quenching | 強烈淬火 |
Quenching in which the quenching medium is cooling the part at a rate at least two and a half times faster than still water. 淬火，其中淬火介質(zhì)以比靜水快至少兩倍半的速度冷卻零件。 |
| Coaxial | 同軸 |
A term for components having a common axis such as concentric shafts. 具有共同軸線的部件的術語，例如同心軸。 |
| Grain coarsening | 晶粒粗化 |
A heat treatment that produces excessively large austenitic grains. 產(chǎn)生過大奧氏體晶粒的熱處理。 |
| Die threading | 模具螺紋 |
Die threading is a machining process for cutting external threads in cylindrical or tapered surfaces by the use of solid or self-opening dies. Die threading is a slower method of producing external threads than thread rolling, but it is faster than single-point threading in a lathe. 模具螺紋加工是一種通過使用實心或自開模具在圓柱形或錐形表面上切削外螺紋的加工工藝。模具螺紋加工是一種比滾絲加工更慢的外螺紋加工方法，但它比車床中的單點螺紋加工要快。 |
| Hydraulics | 液壓系統(tǒng) |
The study of water flow in open channels (including canals, rivers, etc.), water-supply, drainage, and irrigation systems. 研究明渠（包括運河、河流等）、供水、排水和灌溉系統(tǒng)中的水流。 |
| Stud | 螺柱 |
A rod having thread on both ends. A headless threaded fastener, threaded on both ends, with an unthreaded body in the middle section, or threaded from end to end. Used with two nuts, or with one nut and a tapped hole. A plain cylindrical piece having a threaded portion of suitable length at each end or a continuous thread over the entire length. One end is screwed into a machine or workpiece after which a second part is placed over the stud and held in place by a nut. 兩端都有螺紋的桿。無頭螺紋緊固件，兩端有螺紋，中間部分有無螺紋主體，或從一端到另一端有螺紋。與兩個螺母或一個螺母和一個螺紋孔一起使用。一種普通的圓柱形部件，其兩端具有適當長度的螺紋部分，或在整個長度上具有連續(xù)螺紋。一端擰入機器或工件，然后將第二部分放在螺柱上，并用螺母固定到位。 |
| Workspace (Unit m3) | 工作空間（單位m3） |
(working-space volume) The volume around the base frame of a robot, defined by the reach of the robot. The robot can thus only perform tasks within this volume. （工作空間體積）機器人基架周圍的體積，由機器人的可達范圍定義。因此，機器人只能執(zhí)行該體積內(nèi)的任務。 |
| Kinetic friction | 動摩擦 |
(dynamic friction, sliding friction) (Unit N) The sliding resistance to relative motion of two surfaces in contact with each other. （動摩擦，滑動摩擦）（單位N）兩個相互接觸的表面相對運動的滑動阻力。 |
| Static equilibrium | 靜態(tài)平衡 |
A solid body, structure, or physical system (or any subdivided part) will be in static equilibrium, either at rest or moving with constant velocity, if the resultants of all external forces and moments acting on it are zero. 如果作用在固體上的所有外力和力矩的合力為零，則固體、結構或物理系統(tǒng)（或任何細分部分）無論是靜止還是以恒定速度移動，都是處于靜態(tài)平衡。 |
| Slip joint | 滑動接頭 |
A mechanical connection which allows limited endwise relative movement of two components such as pipes, rods, and ducts. 一種機械連接，允許兩個部件（如管道、桿和管道）進行有限的軸向相對運動。 |
| Chilled castings | 冷鑄件 |
Iron castings cooled at a rate that results in white iron (slow enough to avoid the formation of martensite, yet fast enough to prevent any silicon present from causing decomposition of cementite into iron and graphite). 鑄鐵件以產(chǎn)生白口鐵的速度冷卻（足夠慢以避免形成馬氏體，但足夠快以防止任何存在的硅導致滲碳體分解成鐵和石墨）。 |
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